NURSING THEORIES in caring

Florence Nightingale
Mother of Modern Nursing
Environmental Theory:
Nursing ought to signify the proper use of
fresh air, light, warmth, cleanliness, quiet &
proper selection & administration of diet
Hildegard Peplau
Nursing is a healing art (therapeutic) of
human relationship between an
individual who is sick or in need of
health services.
Nursing is viewed as an interpersonal
process because it involves interaction
between the nurse & the patient to
achieve a common goal.
Virginia Henderson
To assist the individual sick or well, in
the performance of those activities
contributing to health or its recovery or
to a peaceful death
14 Components of Basic Nursing
Care:
Breathe normally
Eat & drink adequately
Eliminate body wastes
Move & maintain desirable postures
Sleep & Rest
Select suitable clothes
Maintain body temperature
Keep body clean & well-groomed

Avoid dangers in the environment & avoid
injuring others
Communicate with others
Worship according to ones faith
Work in such a way that theres a sense of
accomplishment
Play or participate in recreation
Learn & discover or satisfy curiosity that lead to
normal development
Lydia Hall
Participation in CARE, CORE & CURE aspects of
patient care:
Care is the sole function of the nurse
Core & Cure are shared with other members of the
health team
Purpose of care is to achieve an interpersonal
relationship with the individual that will facilitate
the development of the core.




CORE - the person; therapeutic use of self

CORE - the body; the intimate bodily core

CURE - the disease; seeing through the
medical care

Dorothea Orem
Nursing is needed when the self-care
demands are greater than the self-care
abilities
3 Steps of Nursing Process:
1. Diagnosis & Prescription
2. Design of the Nursing System &
Planning for the delivery of care
3. Production & Management of Nursing
Systems
3 Classifications of Nursing Systems:
1. Wholly Compensatory people who are
socially dependent on others to exist
2. Partially Compensatory both nurse &
patient care measures
3. Supportive-Educative person is able to
perform ADL but cannot do without
assistance
Dorothy Johnson
The primary goal of Nursing is to
foster equilibrium within the
health-illness continuum
Faye Glenn Abdellah
Nursing is broadly grouped into the 21
problem areas to guide care & promote the
use of nursing judgment.
Nursing is a comprehensive service that is
based on the art & science and aims to help
people, sick or well, cope with their health
needs.
Key Concepts of 21 Nursing
Problems
1. To maintain good hygiene
2. To promote optimal activity: exercise, rest
and sleep
3. To promote safety
4. To maintain good body mechanics
5. To facilitate maintenance of a supply of
oxygen
6. To facilitate the maintenance of nutrition
7. To facilitate maintenance of elimination
8. To facilitate the maintenance of fluid and
electrolyte balance
9. To recognize the physiologic response of
the body to disease conditions
10. To facilitate the maintenance of regulatory
mechanisms and functions
11. To facilitate maintenance of sensory
function

12. To identify and accept positive & negative
expressions, feelings & reactions
13. To identify and accept the interrelatedness
of emotions & illness
14. To facilitate the maintenance of effective
verbal & non-verbal communication
15. To promote the development of
productive interpersonal relationship
16. To facilitate progress toward achievement
of personal spiritual goals
17. To create and maintain a therapeutic
environment
18. To facilitate awareness of self as an
individual with varying needs
19. To accept the optimum possible goals
20. To use community resources as an aid in
resolving problems
21. To understand the role of social problems
as influencing factors
Imogene King
Process of action, reaction and
interaction whereby nurse and patient
share information about their
perception in the nursing situation
Martha Rogers
Nursing is an art and science that is
humanistic & humanitarian; nurses
should participate in the process of
CHANGE
Sr. Calista Roy
Nursing is the promotion of the
adaptive responses in relation to the 4
Adaptive Modes:
1. Self-concept
2. Interdependence
3. Physiologic function
4. Role function
Jean Watson
Nursing is concerned with promoting
health, preventing illness, caring for
the sick and restoring health.
Caring is defined as a nurturant way of
responding to a valued client with
whom the nurse feels commitment &
reponsibility
Madeleine Leininger
Nursing is a learned humanistic &
scientific profession & discipline
which is focused on human care
phenomena
Concept of Transcultural Nursing or
Ethnonursing
THANK YOU!!!