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(ecture )utlines
*hapter +,
Physics, 3
rd
Edition
-a"es S $alker
*hapter +,
)scillations about
./uilibriu"
Units of *hapter +,

Periodic 0otion

Si"ple Har"onic 0otion

*onnections between Unifor" *ircular

0otion and Si"ple Har"onic 0otion

The Period of a 0ass on a Spring

.nergy *onservation in )scillatory

0otion
Units of *hapter +,

The Pendulu"

!a"ped )scillations

!riven )scillations and 1esonance

+,2+ Periodic 0otion
Period3 ti"e re/uired for one cycle of periodic
"otion
4re/uency3 nu"ber of oscillations per unit ti"e
This unit is
called the Hert53
+,22 Si"ple Har"onic 0otion
' spring e&erts a restoring force that is
proportional to the displace"ent fro"
e/uilibriu"3
+,22 Si"ple Har"onic 0otion
' "ass on a spring has a displace"ent as a
function of ti"e that is a sine or cosine curve3
Here6 A is called
the a"plitude of
the "otion
+,22 Si"ple Har"onic 0otion
7f we call the period of the "otion T 8 this is the
ti"e to co"plete one full cycle 8 we can write
the position as a function of ti"e3
7t is then straightforward to show that the
position at ti"e t + T is the sa"e as the
position at ti"e t6 as we would e&pect
+,2, *onnections between Unifor" *ircular
0otion and Si"ple Har"onic 0otion
'n ob9ect in si"ple
har"onic "otion has the
sa"e "otion as one
co"ponent of an ob9ect
in unifor" circular
"otion3
+,2, *onnections between Unifor" *ircular
0otion and Si"ple Har"onic 0otion
Here6 the ob9ect in circular "otion has an
angular speed of
where T is the period of "otion of the
ob9ect in si"ple har"onic "otion
+,2, *onnections between Unifor" *ircular
0otion and Si"ple Har"onic 0otion
The position as a function of ti"e3
The angular fre/uency3
+,2, *onnections between Unifor" *ircular
0otion and Si"ple Har"onic 0otion
The velocity as a function of ti"e3
'nd the acceleration3
:oth of these are found by taking
co"ponents of the circular "otion /uantities
+,2; The Period of a 0ass on a Spring
Since the force on a "ass on a spring is
proportional to the displace"ent6 and also to
the acceleration6 we find that
Substituting the ti"e dependencies of a and x
gives
+,2; The Period of a 0ass on a Spring
Therefore6 the period is
+,2< .nergy *onservation in )scillatory
0otion
7n an ideal syste" with no nonconservative
forces6 the total "echanical energy is
conserved 4or a "ass on a spring3
Since we know the position and velocity as
functions of ti"e6 we can find the "a&i"u"
kinetic and potential energies3
+,2< .nergy *onservation in )scillatory
0otion
's a function of ti"e6
So the total energy is constant= as the
kinetic energy increases6 the potential
energy decreases6 and vice versa
+,2< .nergy *onservation in )scillatory
0otion
This diagra" shows how the energy
transfor"s fro" potential to kinetic and
back6 while the total energy re"ains the
sa"e
+,2> The Pendulu"
' si"ple pendulu" consists of a "ass m #of
negligible si5e% suspended by a string or rod of
length L #and negligible "ass%
The angle it "akes with the vertical varies with
ti"e as a sine or cosine
+,2> The Pendulu"
(ooking at the forces
on the pendulu" bob6
we see that the
restoring force is
proportional to sin 6
whereas the restoring
force for a spring is
proportional to the
displace"ent #which
is in this case%
+,2> The Pendulu"
However6 for s"all angles6 sin and are
appro&i"ately e/ual
+,2> The Pendulu"
Substituting for sin allows us to treat the
pendulu" in a "athe"atically identical way to
the "ass on a spring Therefore6 we find that the
period of a pendulu" depends only on the
length of the string3
+,2> The Pendulu"
' physical pendulu" is a
solid "ass that oscillates
around its center of "ass6
but cannot be "odeled as a
point "ass suspended by a
"assless string .&a"ples3
+,2> The Pendulu"
7n this case6 it can be shown that the period
depends on the "o"ent of inertia3
Substituting the "o"ent of inertia of a point
"ass a distance l fro" the a&is of rotation
gives6 as e&pected6
+,27 !a"ped )scillations
7n "ost physical situations6 there is a
nonconservative force of so"e sort6 which will
tend to decrease the a"plitude of the
oscillation6 and which is typically proportional
to the speed3
This causes the a"plitude to decrease
e&ponentially with ti"e3
+,27 !a"ped )scillations
This e&ponential decrease is shown in the
figure3
+,27 !a"ped )scillations
The previous i"age shows a syste" that is
underda"ped 8 it goes through "ultiple
oscillations before co"ing to rest ' critically
da"ped syste" is one that rela&es back to the
e/uilibriu" position without oscillating and in
"ini"u" ti"e= an overda"ped syste" will
also not oscillate but is da"ped so heavily
that it takes longer to reach e/uilibriu"
+,2? !riven )scillations and 1esonance
'n oscillation can be driven by an oscillating
driving force= the fre/uency of the driving force
"ay or "ay not be the sa"e as the natural
fre/uency of the syste"
+,2? !riven )scillations and 1esonance
7f the driving fre/uency
is close to the natural
fre/uency6 the
a"plitude can beco"e
/uite large6 especially
if the da"ping is s"all
This is called
resonance
Su""ary of *hapter +,

Period3 ti"e re/uired for a "otion to go

through a co"plete cycle

4re/uency3 nu"ber of oscillations per unit ti"e

'ngular fre/uency3

Si"ple har"onic "otion occurs when the

restoring force is proportional to the
displace"ent fro" e/uilibriu"
Su""ary of *hapter +,

The a"plitude is the "a&i"u" displace"ent

fro" e/uilibriu"

Position as a function of ti"e3

@elocity as a function of ti"e3

Su""ary of *hapter +,

'cceleration as a function of ti"e3

Period of a "ass on a spring3

Total energy in si"ple har"onic "otion3

Su""ary of *hapter +,

Potential energy as a function of ti"e3

Ainetic energy as a function of ti"e3

' si"ple pendulu" with s"all a"plitude

e&hibits si"ple har"onic "otion
Su""ary of *hapter +,

Period of a si"ple pendulu"3

Period of a physical pendulu"3

Su""ary of *hapter +,

)scillations where there is a nonconservative

force are called da"ped

Underda"ped3 the a"plitude decreases

e&ponentially with ti"e3

*ritically da"ped3 no oscillations= syste"

rela&es back to e/uilibriu" in "ini"u" ti"e

)verda"ped3 also no oscillations6 but

slower than critical da"ping
Su""ary of *hapter +,

'n oscillating syste" "ay be driven by an

e&ternal force

This force "ay replace energy lost to friction6

or "ay cause the a"plitude to increase greatly
at resonance

1esonance occurs when the driving fre/uency

is e/ual to the natural fre/uency of the syste"