Potential and Kinetic

Copyright 2012 Pearson Education Inc.
PowerPoint
Lectures for
University Physics, Thirteenth Edition
Hugh D. Young and Roger A. Freedman
Lectures by Wayne Anderson
Chapter 7
Potential Energy and
Energy Conservation
Goals for Chapter 7
To use gravitational potential energy for vertical
motion
To use elastic potential energy for a body
attached to a spring
To solve problems involving conservative and
non-conservative forces
Potential Energy
Energy associated with a particular position of a body
when subjected to or acted on by forces.
Field Forces act on bodies even if not touching, like
gravity, magnetism, electricity
Direct Contact forces, like springs
Energy associated with position is potential energy.
Example: Gravitational potential energy is
U
grav
= mgy for a position y.
But what is y? Where is y = 0??
Potential Energy is RELATIVE, not absolute
Gravitational potential energy
Change in gravitational potential energy is related to
work done by gravity.
Work done by Gravity:

+mgDy
+mgDy
Initial Potential Energy:
mgy
1
Final Potential Energy:
mgy
2

+mgDy
mgy
1
Final PE:
mgy
2

Difference: PE
final
PE
initial
(mgy
2
mgy
1
)

<0

work done by gravity..
work done by gravity..
- mgDy
mgy
1
Final PE:
mgy
2

Difference: PE
final
PE
initial
(mgy
2
mgy
1
)

>0

Either moving DOWN or UP, change in gravitational
potential energy is equal in magnitude and opposite in sign
to work done by gravity.
Work done by Gravity down:
mgDy
Difference: PE
final
PE
initial
(mgy
2
mgy
1
)

< 0

Either moving DOWN or UP, change in gravitational
potential energy is equal in magnitude and opposite in sign
to work done by gravity.
Work done by Gravity up:
-mgDy

Difference: PE
final
PE
initial
(mgy
2
mgy
1
)

>0

The conservation of mechanical energy
The total mechanical energy of a system is the
sum of its kinetic energy and potential energy.
A quantity that always has the same value is
called a conserved quantity.
The conservation of mechanical energy
When only force of gravity does work on a system,
total mechanical energy of that system is conserved.
This is an example of the conservation of mechanical
energy.
Gravity is known as a conservative force
An example using energy conservation
0.145 kg baseball thrown straight up @ 20m/s. How high?
An example using energy conservation
0.145 kg baseball thrown straight up @ 20m/s. How high?
Use Energy Bar Graphs to track total, KE, and PE:
When forces other than gravity do work
Now add the
launch force!
(move hand
.50 m upward
while
accelerating
the ball)
When forces other than gravity do work
Now add the
launch force!
(move hand
.50 m upward
while
accelerating
the ball)
Work and energy along a curved path
We can use the same
expression for
gravitational
potential energy
whether the bodys
path is curved or
straight.
Energy in projectile motion example 7.3
Two identical balls leave from the same height with the
same speed but at different angles. Prove they have the
same speed at any height h (neglecting air resistance)
Motion in a vertical circle with no friction
Speed at bottom of ramp of radius R = 3.00 m?
Speed at bottom of ramp of radius R = 3.00 m?
Normal force DOES NO WORK!
Motion in a vertical circle with friction
Revisit the same ramp as in the previous example, but this time
with friction.

If his speed at bottom is 6.00 m/s, what was work by friction?
Moving a crate on an inclined plane with friction
Slide 12 kg crate up 2.5
m incline without
friction at 5.0 m/s.
With friction, it goes
only 1.6 m up the slope.
What is f
k
?
How fast is it moving at
the bottom?
Moving a crate on an inclined plane with friction
Slide 12 kg crate up 2.5
m incline without
friction at 5.0 m/s.
With friction, it goes
only 1.6 m up the slope.
What is f
k
?
How fast is it moving at
the bottom?
Work done by a spring
Work on a block as spring is stretched and compressed.
Elastic potential energy
A body is elastic if it returns
to its original shape after
being deformed.
Elastic potential energy is
the energy stored in an
elastic body, such as a
spring.
The elastic potential energy
stored in an ideal spring is
U
el
= 1/2 kx
2
.
Figure 7.14 at the right
shows a graph of the elastic
potential energy for an ideal
spring.
Situations with both gravitational and elastic forces
When a situation involves both gravitational and elastic forces,
the total potential energy is the sum of the gravitational potential
energy and the elastic potential energy: U = U
grav
+ U
el
.
Figure 7.15 below illustrates such a situation.
Follow Problem-Solving Strategy 7.2.
Motion with elastic potential energy
Glider of mass 200 g on frictionless air track, connected to spring
with k = 5.00 N/m. Stretch it 10 cm, and release from rest.
What is velocity when x = 0.08 m?
Motion with elastic potential energy
Glider of mass 200 g on frictionless air track, connected to spring
with k = 5.00 N/m. Stretch it 10 cm, and release from rest.
What is velocity when x = 0.08 m?
A system having two potential energies and friction
Gravity, a spring,
and friction all act on
the elevator.
2000 kg elevator
with broken cables
moving at 4.00 m/s
Contacts spring at
bottom, compressing
it 2.00 m.
Safety clamp applies
constant 17,000 N
friction force as it
falls.
A system having two potential energies and friction
What is the spring
constant k for the
spring so it stops in
2.00 meters?
Conservative and nonconservative forces
A conservative force allows conversion between kinetic and
potential energy. Gravity and the spring force are
conservative.

The work done between two points by any conservative force
a) can be expressed in terms of a potential energy function.
b) is reversible.
c) is independent of the path between the two points.
d) is zero if the starting and ending points are the same.
Conservative and nonconservative forces
A conservative force allows conversion between kinetic and
potential energy. Gravity and the spring force are
conservative.

A force (such as friction) that is not conservative is called a
non-conservative force, or a dissipative force.
Frictional work depends on the path
Move 40.0 kg futon 2.50 m across room; slide it
along paths shown. How much work required if
m
k
= .200
Conservative or nonconservative force?
Suppose force F = Cx in the y direction. What is work
required in a round trip around square of length L?
Conservation of energy
Nonconservative forces do not store potential
energy, but they do change the internal energy of a
system.
The law of the conservation of energy means that
energy is never created or destroyed; it only changes
form.
This law can be expressed as DK + DU + DU
int
= 0.
Force and potential energy in one dimension
In one dimension, a conservative force can be obtained from
its potential energy function using

F
x
(x) = dU(x)/dx
Force and potential energy in one dimension
In one dimension, a conservative force can be obtained from
its potential energy function using

F
x
(x) = dU(x)/dx
Force and potential energy in two dimensions
In two dimension, the components of a conservative
force can be obtained from its potential energy
function using
F
x
= U/dx and F
y
= U/dy
Energy diagrams
An energy diagram is a
graph that shows both the
potential-energy function
U(x) and the total
mechanical energy E.
Force and a graph of its potential-energy function

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Copyright 2012 Pearson Education Inc.

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