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By: dr. Susianti, M.Sc.

GENERAL FEATURES
A. General Functions

The largest and heaviest organ


Protects:Microorganism, toxic substances,
dehydration, UV, impact, friction
Sensory receptor
Excretion
Vit D metabolism
Regulation of blood pressure and body temperature

B. General Organization

2 type :
Thin

skin (epidermis 75-150 m)


Thick skin (epidermis 400-600 m)

Consist of:
Epidermis

Dermis

1. Epidermis

Outer layer of skin, from ectoderm


Keratinized stratified squamous epithelium
Avascular
Innervation is by uncapsulated nerve endings
5 layers:
Stratum
Stratum
Stratum

corneum
lucidum
granulosum
Stratum spinosum
Stratum basale

superficial

deep

2. Dermal-epidermal junction

The stratum basale is underlying by a basement


membrane
Epidermal ridges
Dermal papillae

3. Dermis

Inner layer, from mesoderm


Vascular connective tissue
Divided into:
Papillary

layer
Reticular layer

Richly supplied with free nerve ending


Variety of encapsulated sensory receptors and
autonomic fibers that control the vascular
smooth muscle

4. Hipodermis/ subcutaneous
fascia

Not a part of the skin


Derive from mesoderm
Loose connective and adipose tissue
Variety of thickness depending on: nutritional
status, level of activity, body region, gender

C. Structures Associated with the skin


Glands
Hairs

Nails

(sebaceous & sweat)

EPIDERMIS

Two major cell populations:


Keratinocytes
Melanocytes

Two minor cell populations:

Langerhans
Merkels

A. Keratinizing System

Keratinocytes make up most of the epidermis


Continous turnover (renewal) of the skin surface
by passing through 4 overlapping processes:
Cell

renewal/ mitosis
Differentiation/keratinization
Cell death
Exfoliation

Entire process take 15-30 days

SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM OF THE


KERATINIZING SYSTEM

Exfoliation

Str. Corneum

Cell death

Str. Lucidum

Str. Granulosum

Keratinization

Str. Spinosum

Cell renewal
Str. Germinativum (mitotic activity)
15 30 days
Malphighian Layer

1. Stratum Basale (germinativum)

Columnar
basophilic
Single layer
Desmosom
Hemidesmosom

Tonofilaments

2. Stratum spinosum

Cuboidal/polygonal
untill slightly
flattened

Several layers

Tonofibril spiny
appearance

Malphigian layers

Mitotic rate is lower


than stratum basale

3. Stratum Granulosum

3 5 layers
Flattened polygonal
Basophilic
keratohyalin
granules
Ovoid/ rodlike
lamellar granules
release
glycosaminoglycans
and phospholipids

4. Stratum Lucidum

Acidophilic
Translucent
Without nuclei and organelles
Dense cytokeratin embedded in matrix (from keratin
granules), sometimes called eleidin

5. Stratum Corneum

Dead cells
Plate like
No nucleus
Thickened plasma membrane
Mature keratin / scleroprotein

B. Pigmentation System

Factors affecting skin color:Melanin and


carotene,number of blood vessels,blood color,
thickness of dermis

1. MELANINS
- Skin, eye, hair color
- Synthesized by melanocytes
- Eumelanins (dark brown) & pheomelanins (red)

Diagram of a melanocyte (shown in color). Its arms extend upward into the interstices
between keratinocytes. The melanin granules are synthesized in the melanocyte, migrate
to its arms, and are transferred into the cytoplasm of keratinocytes. Ribosomes, Golgi
complex, rough endoplasmic reticulum and mitochondria are also present.

2. MELANOCYTES
- Derive from the neural crest
- Scattered among the keratinocytes of the
stratum basale
- Have round cell bodies, central nuclei and
long cytoplasmic processes
- Melanosomes: in which melanin is
synthesized
- Dark- and lightly- skinned races: the same
number of melanocytes

3. MELANIN SYNTHESIS
Tyrosinase

Tyrosinase

Tyrosin DOPA Dopaquinone Melanin


4. FATE OF MATURE MELANIN GRANULES
-Mature melanin granules injected into keratinocytes
-Melanin granules accumulate over the nuclei of
dividing keratinocytes to protect nuclei.

5. MELANIN FUNCTION
- Melanins major protective effect from free
radicals
6. SOME FACTORS AFFECTING MELANIN
SYNTHESIS:
- Exposure to UV rays
- Melanocytes- Stimulating Hormones
- ACTH Addisons disease
- Albinism
- Hydroquinone

C. Langerhans Cells

Star shaped cells in the stratum spinosum


Rodlike or racket shaped cytoplasmic granules
(Birbecks granules)
As a macrophage and antigen- presenting
cells
Also occur in oral and vagina epithel

LANGERHANS CELL

D. Merkels Cells

In the stratum basale


Most numerous in thick skin
Resemble basal keratinocytes
Free nerve ending form a dislike expansion
(Merkels disk) that covers the basal surface of
each Merkels cell
as sensory mechanoreceptors

DERMIS

Contain:
Hair

follicles
Sebaceous glands
Sweat glands

Consist of 2 layers of vascular connective tissue:


Papillary

layer
Reticular layer

A. Papillary Layer

Loose connective tissue


Rich in elastic fibers
Dermal papillae interdigitate with epidermal ridges
Anchoring fibrils (special collagen fibers)
The tips of dermal papillae contain Meissners
corpuscles

B. Reticular Layer

Thicker layer of dense irregular connective tissue


Richly vascularized: Arterioanastomoses/shunt
Richly supply of nerves free and encapsulated
endings (Eg: Pacinian corpuscles)

BLOOD SUPPLY

1.
2.
3.
4.

Skin receive blood supply through the dermal


blood vessels (4.5 % of the body total blood
volume)
Arterial plexuses
Papillary capillaries
Venous plexuses
Arteriovenous anastomoses (shunts)

HAIR

Only in thin skin


Its color, size, shape and distribution vary
according to race, age, sex, and body region
Structures that form and maintain: hair follicles

A. Follicle and Hair Development


1. FOLLICLES
- In the third month of human development:
local epidermal thickenings form invade
the dermis dermal papila invades
epidermal down growth
- Differentiation: hair bulb hair follicle +
sebaceous gland

2. HAIRS
- Fifth or sixth month of gestation: fine hair
(lanugo).
- Before birth: Lanugo shed, except: scalp,
eyebrows, eyelashes
- A few month after birth:
* lanugo coarser mature terminal hair,
* rest of body fine short hair (vellus)

- Puberty: coarse terminal hairs replace vellus in specific


body areas

axilla, pubic region, face, over the rest


of the body

axilla, pubic region

B. Follicle and
Hair Structure
1.
2.

3.

4.

Germinal matrix
Hair shaft layers: medulla,
cortex, cuticle
Root sheats: Internal root
sheath, external root
sheath, glassy membrane,
connective tissue sheath
Associated structures:
Sebaceous glands,
arrector pili muscles

DP:Dermal
papilla

Hair Follicle

C. Keratinization of Hair
Different with epidermis:
Keratin is harder
Keratinized hair cells remain tightly attached,
not sloughed
Keratinization is intermittent and restrict in the
bulb
Differ in structure and function depending on
hair position

D. Hair Growth

Not continous, but cycles


Growing phase: Proliferation and differentiation
Resting phase: germinal matrix become
inactive

NAILS
A. Nail Develpoment

The end of the third month of the embryonic


development : Narrow plate of epidermis invades
underlying dermis
Nail groove
Nail matrix Differentiate nail plate, nail bed

B. Nail Complex Structure


Nail plate (nail body, nail root)
Nail matrix
Nail bed
Eponychium (or cuticle)

Hyponychium (distal)
Lunula (whitish, opaque,
crescent shaped region on
the proximal nail body)

SEBACEOUS GLANDS
A. Structures and Location

Exocrine gland in the thin skin


Often in association with hair follicle
Most numerous: face, forehead, scalp
Acinar secretory contain many large lipid

B. Function
Containing a mixture of triglycerides, waxes,
squalene, and cholesterol and its esters.
Mixture + Cell debris: Sebum
Holocrine secretion
Lubricates the skin, have antibacterial or antifungal
effects

Sweat glands

Two

types:
Eccrine (merocrine)
Apocrine

A. Eccrine (merocrine) Sweat Glands


- Distribution, occur most of the body, except, glans
penis, clitoris, lips
- Structure :
1. Duct : coiled, simple to stratified cuboidal
epithelium
2. Secretory portion (pyramidal+myoepithelial)
3. Secretory product : watery secretion (NaCl,
urea, ammonia, uric acid)
- Excreting products of protein metabolism
- Evaporation of water reduces body
temperature

B. Apocrine Sweat Glands


B. Apocrine sweat glands
- Distribution : axilla, pubic and anal regions, areola of the
breasts
- Structure : simple coiled tubular

- Duct : Coiled ducts + low cuboidal epithelium


- Secretory portions : in dermis, wide lumen, cuboidal to
columnar cells + myoepithelial

- Secretory products : viscous, odorless fluid


Apocrine: secretory cells released their apical
cytoplasm.

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