Professional Documents
Culture Documents
GENERAL FEATURES
A. General Functions
B. General Organization
2 type :
Thin
Consist of:
Epidermis
Dermis
1. Epidermis
corneum
lucidum
granulosum
Stratum spinosum
Stratum basale
superficial
deep
2. Dermal-epidermal junction
3. Dermis
layer
Reticular layer
4. Hipodermis/ subcutaneous
fascia
Nails
EPIDERMIS
Langerhans
Merkels
A. Keratinizing System
renewal/ mitosis
Differentiation/keratinization
Cell death
Exfoliation
Exfoliation
Str. Corneum
Cell death
Str. Lucidum
Str. Granulosum
Keratinization
Str. Spinosum
Cell renewal
Str. Germinativum (mitotic activity)
15 30 days
Malphighian Layer
Columnar
basophilic
Single layer
Desmosom
Hemidesmosom
Tonofilaments
2. Stratum spinosum
Cuboidal/polygonal
untill slightly
flattened
Several layers
Tonofibril spiny
appearance
Malphigian layers
3. Stratum Granulosum
3 5 layers
Flattened polygonal
Basophilic
keratohyalin
granules
Ovoid/ rodlike
lamellar granules
release
glycosaminoglycans
and phospholipids
4. Stratum Lucidum
Acidophilic
Translucent
Without nuclei and organelles
Dense cytokeratin embedded in matrix (from keratin
granules), sometimes called eleidin
5. Stratum Corneum
Dead cells
Plate like
No nucleus
Thickened plasma membrane
Mature keratin / scleroprotein
B. Pigmentation System
1. MELANINS
- Skin, eye, hair color
- Synthesized by melanocytes
- Eumelanins (dark brown) & pheomelanins (red)
Diagram of a melanocyte (shown in color). Its arms extend upward into the interstices
between keratinocytes. The melanin granules are synthesized in the melanocyte, migrate
to its arms, and are transferred into the cytoplasm of keratinocytes. Ribosomes, Golgi
complex, rough endoplasmic reticulum and mitochondria are also present.
2. MELANOCYTES
- Derive from the neural crest
- Scattered among the keratinocytes of the
stratum basale
- Have round cell bodies, central nuclei and
long cytoplasmic processes
- Melanosomes: in which melanin is
synthesized
- Dark- and lightly- skinned races: the same
number of melanocytes
3. MELANIN SYNTHESIS
Tyrosinase
Tyrosinase
5. MELANIN FUNCTION
- Melanins major protective effect from free
radicals
6. SOME FACTORS AFFECTING MELANIN
SYNTHESIS:
- Exposure to UV rays
- Melanocytes- Stimulating Hormones
- ACTH Addisons disease
- Albinism
- Hydroquinone
C. Langerhans Cells
LANGERHANS CELL
D. Merkels Cells
DERMIS
Contain:
Hair
follicles
Sebaceous glands
Sweat glands
layer
Reticular layer
A. Papillary Layer
B. Reticular Layer
BLOOD SUPPLY
1.
2.
3.
4.
HAIR
2. HAIRS
- Fifth or sixth month of gestation: fine hair
(lanugo).
- Before birth: Lanugo shed, except: scalp,
eyebrows, eyelashes
- A few month after birth:
* lanugo coarser mature terminal hair,
* rest of body fine short hair (vellus)
B. Follicle and
Hair Structure
1.
2.
3.
4.
Germinal matrix
Hair shaft layers: medulla,
cortex, cuticle
Root sheats: Internal root
sheath, external root
sheath, glassy membrane,
connective tissue sheath
Associated structures:
Sebaceous glands,
arrector pili muscles
DP:Dermal
papilla
Hair Follicle
C. Keratinization of Hair
Different with epidermis:
Keratin is harder
Keratinized hair cells remain tightly attached,
not sloughed
Keratinization is intermittent and restrict in the
bulb
Differ in structure and function depending on
hair position
D. Hair Growth
NAILS
A. Nail Develpoment
Hyponychium (distal)
Lunula (whitish, opaque,
crescent shaped region on
the proximal nail body)
SEBACEOUS GLANDS
A. Structures and Location
B. Function
Containing a mixture of triglycerides, waxes,
squalene, and cholesterol and its esters.
Mixture + Cell debris: Sebum
Holocrine secretion
Lubricates the skin, have antibacterial or antifungal
effects
Sweat glands
Two
types:
Eccrine (merocrine)
Apocrine