Synapseindia PHP Development Chaptr-2

Chapter 26 - PHP
Outline
26.1
26.2
26.3
26.4
26.5
26.6
26.7
26.8
26.9
26.10
26.11
Introduction
PHP
String Processing and Regular Expressions
Viewing Client/Server Environment Variables
Form Processing and Business Logic
Verifying a Username and Password
Connecting to a Database
Cookies
Dynamic Content in PHP
Operator Precedence
Web Resources
Objectives
In this chapter, you will learn:
To understand PHP data types, operators, arrays and

control structures.
To understand string processing and regular
expressions in PHP.
To construct programs that process form data.
To be able to read and write client data using
cookies.
To construct programs that interact with MySQL
databases.
2
26.1 Introduction
PHP
PHP: Hypertext Preprocessor

Originally called Personal Home Page Tools
Popular server-side scripting technology
Open-source
Anyone may view, modify and redistribute source code

Supported freely by community
Platform independent
26.2 PHP
Basic application
Scripting delimiters
<? php ?>
Variables preceded by $ symbol
Must enclose all script code

Case-sensitive
End statements with semicolon

Comments
for single line
/* */ for multiline
//
Filenames end with .php by convention

4
<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN"

"http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd">
2
3
4


Scripting delimiters
6
7
<?php
$name = "LunaTic";
8
9
first.php
(1 of 1)
// declaration
Declare variable $name
?>
10
11 <html xmlns = "http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">
12
13
14
<head>
<title>A simple PHP document</title>Single-line
comment
</head>
15
16
17
<body style = "font-size: 2em">

<p>
<strong>
18
19
20

21
Welcome to PHP, <?php print( "$name" ); ?>!

</strong>
22
23
</p>
24
</body>
25 </html>
Function print outputs the value of variable

$name
5
26.2 PHP
Fig. 26.1
Simple PHP program.
26.2 PHP
Variables
Can have different types at different times

Variable names inside strings replaced by their
value
Type conversions
function
Type casting
settype
Concatenation operator
. (period)
Combine strings
7
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1 <!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN"

2
"http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">
3
4 
data.php
(1 of 3)
5 

6
8
9
10
<head>
<title>PHP data types</title>
</head>
11
12
<body>
13
14
<?php
15
Assign a string to variable

$testString
16
// declare a string, double and integer
17
$testString = "3.5 seconds";
18
$testDouble = 79.2;
19
$testInteger = 12;
20
Assign a double to variable

Assign
an integer to variable
$testDouble
$testInteger
?>
21
22

23
<?php print( $testString ); ?> is a string.<br />
24
<?php print( $testDouble ); ?> is a double.<br />
25
<?php print( $testInteger ); ?> is an integer.<br />
data.php
of 3)
Print each variables (2
value
26
27
<br />
28
Now, converting to other types:<br />
29
<?php
30
31
// call function settype to convert variable
32
// testString to different data types
33
print( "$testString" );
34
settype( $testString, "double" );
35
print( " as a double is $testString <br />" );
36
print( "$testString" );
37
settype( $testString, "integer" );
38
print( " as an integer is $testString <br />" );
39
settype( $testString, "string" );
40
function
settype
print( "Converting back toCall
a string
results
in
41
42
43
to
convert
the data type
$testString <br /><br
/>"
); settype
Call function
to of
variable
to a
convert
the data$testString
type of
double.
$data = "98.6 degrees";
variable
$testString to an
integer.
Convert variable $testString
back to a string
10
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data.php
(3 of 3)
Use type casting to cast variable
$data to different types
11
26.2 PHP
Fig. 26.3
Type conversion.
12
26.2 PHP
Arithmetic operators
Assignment operators
Syntactical shortcuts
Before being assigned values, variables have value
undef
Constants
Named values
define function
13

2
3
4 
operators.php
(1 of 3)
5 

6
8
9
10
<head>
<title>Using arithmetic operators</title>
</head>
11
12
13
<body>
<?php
Define constant VALUE.
14
$a = 5;
15
print( "The value of variable a is $a <br />" );
16
17
// define constant VALUE
18
define( "VALUE", 5 );
Add constant VALUE to variable $a.
19
20
// add constant VALUE to variable $a
21
$a = $a + VALUE;
22
print( "Variable a after adding constant VALUE
23
is $a <br />" );
24
14
25
// multiply variable $a by 2
26
$a *= 2;
27
print( "Multiplying variable a by 2 yields $a <br />" );
Multiply variable $a by two using the

multiplication assignment operator *=.
28
operators.php
50
Print if variable $a isTest
lesswhether
than 50.variable $a is less(2than
of 3)
29
// test if variable $a is less than 50
30
if ( $a < 50 )
31
print( "Variable a is less than 50 <br />" );
32
33
// add 40 to variable $a
34
$a += 40;
35
print( "Variable a after adding 40 is $a <br />" );
Add 40 to variable $a using the addition assignment

operator +=.
36
37
// test if variable $a is 50 or less
38
if ( $a < 51 )
39
print( "Variable a is still 50 or less<br />" );
40
41
// test if variable $a is between 50 and 100, inclusive
42
elseif ( $a < 101 )
43
print( "Variable a is now between 50 and 100,

inclusive<br />" );
44
45
46
47
else
print( "Variable a is now greater than 100
<br />" );
48
15
49
// print an uninitialized variable
50
print( "Using a variable before initializing:

$nothing <br />" );
51
52
53
// add constant VALUE to an uninitialized variable
54
$test = $num + VALUE;
55
print( "An uninitialized variable plus constant

VALUE yields $test <br />" );
56
Print anAdd
uninitialized
variable
$nothing
).
constant VALUE
to (an
uninitialized
57
58
// add a string to an integer
59
$str = "3 dollars";
60
$a += $str;
61
print( "Adding a string to variable a yields $a
64
variable.
<br />" );
62
63
operators.php
(3 of 3)
?>
</body>
Add a string to an integer.
65 </html>
16
26.2 PHP
Fig. 26.4
Using PHPs arithmetic operators.
17
26.2 PHP
Keywords
Reserved for language features
ifelseifelse
Arrays
Group of related data
Elements
Name plus braces and index
Indices start at zero
count function
array function
18
26.2 PHP
Arrays, cont.
Built-in iterators
Maintain pointer to element currently referenced
reset
key
next
foreach
loops
19
26.2 PHP
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20

2
3
4 
5 
6
8
9
10
<head>
<title>Array manipulation</title>
</head>
11
12
13
<body>
Create the array $first by assigning a value

to an array element.
<?php
14
15
// create array first
16
print( "<strong>Creating the first array</strong>
17
<br />" );
18
$first[ 0 ] = "zero";
19
$first[ 1 ] = Assign
"one";
22
a value to the array, omitting the index.

for loop
each
elements index and value.
$first[ 2 ] = Appends
"two";
a Use
newaelement
to to
theprint
end out
of the
array.
Function count returns the total number of elements in the
$first[] = "three";
array.
23
// print each elements index and value
24
for ( $i = 0; $i < count( $first ); $i++ )
20
21
25
print( "Element $i is $first[$i] <br />" );
21
26
27
28
print( "<br /><strong>Creating the second array
Call function array to create an array that contains

the arguments passed to it. Store the array in variable
arrays.php
function array to create array$second
second .
(2 of 3)
= array( "zero", "one", "two", "three" );
</strong><br />" );
29
30
// call
31
$second
32
for ( $i = 0; $i < count( $second ); $i++ )
33
print( "Element $i is $second[$i] <br />" );
34
35
36
print( "<br /><strong>Creating the third array

</strong><br />" );
37
38
// assign values to non-numerical indices
39
$third[ "ArtTic" ] = 21;
40
$third[
41
$third[
42
Assign values to non-numerical indices

"LunaTic" ] = 18;
in array $third.
"GalAnt" ] = 23; Function reset sets the internal pointer to the
first element of the array.
43
// iterate through the array elements and print each
44
// elements name and value
45
for ( reset( $third ); $element = key( $third );
46
next( $third ) )
47
print( "$element is $third[$element] <br />" );
48
Function key returns the index of the element which

the internal pointer references.
Function next moves the internal pointer to the next
element.
22
print( "<br /><strong>Creating the fourth array
49
</strong><br />" );
50
51
52
// call function array to create array fourth using
53
// string indices
54
$fourth = array(
55
"January"
=> "first",
"February" => "second",
56
"March"
=> "third",
"April"
arrays.php
(3 of 3)
=> "fourth",
60
used
in",function array to assign each
"May"
=> "fifth", Operator
"June" =>=is
>"
sixth
a string
index.
value to the left of the
"July"
=> "seventh",element
"August"
=> "e
ighth"The
,
index,
and the value to the right is
"September" => "ninth", operator
"Octoberis
" the
=> array
"tenth
",
elements
value.
"November" => "eleventh"the
,"De
cember" =>
"twelfth"
61
);
57
58
59
62
63
// print each elements name and value
64
foreach ( $fourth as $element => $value )

print( "$element is the $value month <br />" );
65
66
?>
67
</body>
68 </html>
23
26.2 PHP
Fig. 26.6
Array manipulation.
24
26.3 String Processing and Regular

Expressions
String processing
Equality and comparison two important operations

strcmp function
Returns 1 if string 1 < string 2

Returns 0 if string 1 = string 2
Returns 1 if string 1 > string 2
Relational operators
25

2
3
4 
5 
compare.php
(1 of 2)

8
9
10
<head>
<title>String Comparison</title>
</head>
11
12
13
<body>
<?php
Use a for loop to iterate through each array element.
14
15
// create array fruits
16
$fruits = array( "apple", "orange", "banana" );
17
18
// iterate through
19
for ( $i = 0; $i <
20
Function strcmp compares two strings. If the first string

alphabetically precedes the second, then 1 is returned. If
each array element
the strings are equal, 0 is returned. If the first string
count( $fruits ); $i++ ) {
alphabetically follows the second, then 1 is returned.
21
// call function strcmp to compare the array element
22
// to string "banana"
23
if ( strcmp( $fruits[ $i ], "banana" ) < 0 )
24
print( $fruits[ $i ]." is less than banana " );
26
elseif ( strcmp( $fruits[ $i ], "banana" ) > 0 )
25
print( $fruits[ $i ].
26
" is greater than banana " );
27
else
28
print( $fruits[ $i ]." isUse

equarelational
l to bananoperators
a " );
to compare each array

compare.php
element to string apple.
(2 of 2)
29
30
31
// use relational operators to compare each element
32
// to string "apple"
33
if ( $fruits[ $i ] < "apple" )

print( "and less than apple! <br />" );
34
elseif ( $fruits[ $i ] > "apple" )
35
print( "and greater than apple! <br />" );
36
elseif ( $fruits[ $i ] == "apple" )
37
print( "and equal to apple! <br />" );
38
39
}
40
41
42
?>
</body>
43 </html>
27

Expressions
Fig. 26.7
Using the string comparison operators.
28

Expressions
Regular expressions
Pattern matching templates

ereg function
POSIX
preg_match function
Perl
ereg_replace function
Building regular expressions
Metacharacters
$, ., ^
Brackets [ ]
29

2
3
4 
5 
6
expression.php
(1 of 3)

8
9
10
<head>
<title>Regular expressions</title>
</head>
11
12
<body>
14
Function ereg searches for the literal

characters Now inside variable $search.
$search = "Now is the time";
15
print( "Test string is: '$search'<br /><br />" );
13
<?php
16
17
// call function ereg to search for pattern 'Now'
18
// in variable search
19
if ( ereg( "Now", $search ) )
20
print( "String 'Now' was found.<br />" );
21
30
22
// search for pattern 'Now' in the beginning of
23
// the string
24
if ( ereg( "^Now", $search ) )
The dollar sign special character ($) search for the

pattern
Now at
end of the
the string.
The caret special
character
(^)the
matches
expression.php
of the line.<br />" );
beginning of a string. Function ereg searches the
(2 of 3)
beginning
of
the
string
for
pattern
Now
.
search for pattern 'Now' at the end of the string
print( "String 'Now' found at beginning
25
26
27
28
//
29
if ( ereg( "Now$", $search ) )
30
31
print( "String 'Now' was found at the end

of the line.<br />" );
32
33
// search for any word ending in 'ow'
34
if ( ereg( "[[:<:]]([a-zA-Z]*ow)[[:>:]]", $search,
35
$match ) )
36
print( "Word found ending in 'ow': " .
37
$match[ 1 ] . "<br />" );
38
The expression
the expressions
parentheses,[[:<:]]
[a-zA-Z]*ow
The specialinside
bracket
and ,
matches
any
word
ending
in ow. The
quantifier
Placing
a pattern
in the
parentheses
stores
the of
matched
[[:>:]]
match
beginning
and
end
a*
with 't' found: ");
matches
thethe
preceding
pattern
0 or more
times.
string
in
array that
is specified
in the
third argument
word,
respectively.
to function ereg.
39
// search for any words beginning with 't'
40
print( "Words beginning
41
42
while ( eregi( "[[:<:]](t[[:alpha:]]+)[[:>:]]",
43
$search, $match ) ) {
44
print( $match[ 1 ] . " " );
45
The pattern used in this example,
[[:<:]](t[[:alpha:]]+)[[:>:]], matches any

The while word
loop is
used to find
occurrence of a
beginning
witheach
the character
or
Function eregi
is used
to specify
case
insensitivet followed by one 31
word in themore
stringcharacters.
beginningCharacter
with t. class [[:alpha:]]
pattern matches.
recognizes any alphabetic character.
4
6
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h
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expression.php
After printing a match of a word beginning with t, function
(3 of
3)
ereg_replace is called to remove the word from the
string.
This is necessary be because to find multiple instances of a
given pattern, the first matched instance must first be removed.
Function ereg_replace takes three arguments: the pattern to
match, a string to replace the matched string and the string to
search.
32

Expressions
Fig. 26.8
Regular expressions in PHP.
33

Expressions
Q
u
a
n
tifie
r
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h
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s
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n
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m
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n
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rm
o
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s
.
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n
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rm
o
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s(s
a
m
ea
s{
1
,
}
).
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e
roo
rm
o
retim
e
s(s
a
m
ea
s{
0
,
}
).
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e
roo
ro
n
etim
e(s
a
m
ea
s{
0
,
1
}
).
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ig
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6
.9
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o
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e
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q
u
a
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tifie
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.
34

Expressions
C
h
a
r
a
c
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rc
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35
26.4 Viewing Client/Server

Environment Variables
Environment variables
Provide information about execution environment
Type of Web browser

Type of server
Details of HTTP connection
Stored as array in PHP

$_ENV
36

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37
1
2
<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN"

3
4


6
7
8
9
10
env.php
(1 of 1)
<html xmlns = "http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">

<head>
<title>Environment Variables</title>
</head>
11
12
13
<body>
<table border = "0" cellpadding = "2" cellspacing = "0"
width = "100%">
14
15
<?php
16
17
// print the key and value for each element
18
// in the $_ENV array
19
foreach ( $_ENV as $key => $value )

print( "<tr><td bgcolor = \"#11bbff\">
20
<strong>$key</strong></td>
The foreach loop
21
22
23
?>
24
</table>
25
is used to print out the keys and

<td>$value</td></tr>"
); element in the $_ENV array.
values for each
PHP stores environment variables and their values in
the $_ENV array.
</body>
26 </html>
38

Fig. 26.12
Displaying environment variables.
39
26.5 Form Processing and Business

Logic
Form processing
action property
Where to send form data
method property
post
Each element has unique name
40

2
3
4 
5 

6
form.html
(1 of 4)

8
9
10
<head>
<title>Sample form to take user input in XHTML</title>
</head>
11
12
13
14
15
<body>
The action attribute of the form element

indicates
that when the user clicks Register, the
<h1>This is a sample registration
form.</h1>
form
data
will be posted to form.php.
Please fill in all fields and
click
Register.
16
17

18
<form method = "post" action = "form.php">
19
<img src = "images/user.gif" alt = "User" /><br />
20
<span style = "color: blue">
21
22
Please fill out the fields below.<br />

</span>
23
41
24

25
<img src = "images/fname.gif" alt = "First Name" />
26
<input type = "text" name = "fname" /><br />
27
28
29
A unique name (e.g., email) is assigned to each

of the forms input fields. When Register is
clicked, each fields name and value are sent to
form.html
<img src = "images/lname.gif" alt = "Last Name" />
the Web server.
(2 of 4)
<input type = "text" name = "lname" /><br />
30
31
<img src = "images/email.gif" alt = "Email" />
32
<input type = "text" name = "email" /><br />
33
34
<img src = "images/phone.gif" alt = "Phone" />
35
<input type = "text" name = "phone" /><br />
36
37
38
39
<span style = "font-size: 10pt">

Must be in the form (555)555-5555</span>
<br /><br />
40
41
42
<img src = "images/downloads.gif"

alt = "Publications" /><br />
43
44
45
46

Which book would you like information about?
</span><br />
47
42
48

49
<select name = "book">
50
<option>Internet and WWW How to Program 3e</option>
51
<option>C++ How to Program 4e</option>
52
<option>Java How to Program 5e</option>
53
<option>XML How to Program 1e</option>
54
</select>
55
<br /><br />
form.html
(3 of 4)
56
57
<img src = "images/os.gif" alt = "Operating System" />
58
<br /><span style = "color: blue">
59
60
Which operating system are you currently using?

<br /></span>
61
62

63
<input type = "radio" name = "os" value = "Windows XP"
64
checked = "checked" />
65
Windows XP
66
67
<input type = "radio" name = "os" value =
68
"Windows 2000" />
69
Windows 2000
70
71
<input type = "radio" name = "os" value =
72
"Windows 98" />
73
Windows 98<br />
43
7
4
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form.html
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8
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44

Logic
Fig. 26.13
XHTML form for gathering user input.
45

Logic
Business logic
Confirm that valid information was entered

extract function
Regular expressions very helpful

Do checks on client side where possible
Creates variables corresponding to each key-value pair

in array
Easily retrieve all values sent to PHP page
JavaScript
Conserves server resources
Ending a script
die function
Remember to close all HTML tags
46

2
3
4 
5 

6
form.php
(1 of 4)

8
9
10
<head>
<title>Form Validation</title>
</head>
11
12
13
14
15
16
<body style = "font-family: arial,sans-serif">
Function ereg is called to determine whether the

The parentheses in the expression must be
phone number entered by the user is valid.
<?php
followed by The
threeexpression
digits ([0-9]{3}
), a closing
$ matches the opening
extract( $_POST )parenthesis,
;
three digits, of
a literal
hyphen
and
parentheses
a phone
number.
four additional digits.
17
// determine whether phone number is valid and print
18
// an error message if not
19
if ( !ereg( "^\([0-9]{3}$[0-9]{3}-[0-9]{4}$",
20
21
$phone ) ){
We access the phone fields value from

form.html by using variable $phone.
47
print( "<p><span style = \"color: red;
22
23
font-size: 2em\">
24
INVALID PHONE NUMBER</span><br />
25
A valid phone number must be in the form
26
<strong>(555)555-5555</strong><br />
27
<span style = \"color: blue\">
28
Click the Back button, enter a valid phone
29
number and resubmit.<br /><br />
30
Thank You.</span></p></body></html>" );
form.php
(2 of 4)
Function die terminates script execution
31
die(); // terminate script execution
32
}
33
34
?>
35
36
37
38
39
40
<p>Hi
<strong>
<?php print( "$fname" ); ?>
</strong>
41
</span>.
42
Thank you for completing the survey.<br />
43
48
44
You have been added to the
45

<strong>
46
<?php print( "$book " ); ?>
47
</strong>
48
49
</span>
50
mailing list.
51
</p>
52
<strong>The following information has been saved
53
form.php
(3 of 4)
in our database:</strong><br />
54
55
56
<table border = "0" cellpadding = "0" cellspacing = "10">

<tr>
57
<td bgcolor = "#ffffaa">Name </td>
58
<td bgcolor = "#ffffbb">Email</td>
59
<td bgcolor = "#ffffcc">Phone</td>
60
<td bgcolor = "#ffffdd">OS</td>
61
</tr>
62
63
64
<tr>
<?php
65
49
66
// print each form fields value
67
print( "<td>$fname $lname</td>
68
<td>$email</td>
69
<td>$phone</td>
70
<td>$os</td>" );
71
?>
72
</tr>
73
</table>
form.php
(4 of 4)
74
75
<br /><br /><br />
76
<div style = "font-size: 10pt; text-align: center">
77
This is only a sample form.
78
You have not been added to a mailing list.
79
80
</div>
</body>
81 </html>
50

Logic
Fig. 26.14
Obtaining user input through forms.
51
26.6 Verifying a Username and

Password
Private website
Only accessible to certain individuals

Encrypt username and password data when sending,
storing and retrieving for increased security
Implementing password checking
Login information stored in file

function
Read, write, append modes
fopen
Store data using fputs

\n
newline character
Close files when done

fclose
function
52

Password
Implementing password checking, cont.
Trim newline character

chop
function
Split string into substrings given a certain delimiter

split
function
If username/password match list, allow access
53
1
2

3
4


6
7
8
9
password.html
(1 of 4)

<head>
<title>Verifying a username and a password.</title>
10
11
12
13
14
<style type = "text/css">

td { background-color: #DDDDDD }
</style>
</head>
15
16
<body style = "font-family: arial">
17
<p style = "font-size: 13pt">
18
Type in your username and password below.
19
<br />
20
<span style = "color: #0000FF; font-size: 10pt;
21
font-weight: bold">
22
Note that password will be sent as plain text
23
24
</span>
</p>
25
54
26

27
<form action = "password.php" method = "post">
28
<br />
Form data is posted to password.php.
29
30
<table border = "0" cellspacing = "0"
31
style = "height: 90px; width: 123px;
32
font-size: 10pt" cellpadding = "0">
password.html
(2 of 4)
33
34
35
<tr>
<td colspan = "3">
<strong>Username:</strong>
36
37
38
</td>
</tr>
39
40
41
<tr>
<td colspan = "3">
<input size = "40" name = "USERNAME"
42
style = "height: 22px; width: 115px" />
43
44
45
</td>
</tr>
46
55
47
48
<tr>
<td colspan = "3">
<strong>Password:</strong>
49
50
51
</td>
password.html
(3 of 4)
</tr>
52
53
54
<tr>
<td colspan = "3">
<input size = "40" name = "PASSWORD"
55
56
style = "height: 22px; width: 115px"
57
type = "password" />
58
59
<br/></td>
</tr>
60
61
62
63
<tr>
<td colspan = "1">
<input type = "submit" name = "Enter"
64
value = "Enter" style = "height: 23px;
65
width: 47px" />
66
</td>
67
<td colspan = "2">
68
<input type = "submit" name = "NewUser"
69
value = "New User"
70
style = "height: 23px" />
71
</td>
56
7
2
<
/
t
r
>
7
3
<
/
t
a
b
l
e
>
7
4
7
5
<
/
f
o
r
m
>
<
/
b
o
d
y
>
7
6
<
/
h
t
m
l
>
password.html
(4 of 4)
57

Password
Fig. 26.15
XHTML form for obtaining a username and password.
58

2
3
4 
5 

6
password.php
(1 of 7)

8
9
10
<head>
<?php
extract( $_POST );
11
Variable names, when preceded by the logical

negation operator (!), return true if they are empty
or set to 0. This checks if a user has submitted a form
without specifying a username or password.
12
// check if user has left USERNAME or PASSWORD field blank
13
if ( !$USERNAME || !$PASSWORD ) {
14
fieldsBlank();
15
die();
16
Function fieldsBlank is called if the user has

submittedisset
an incomplete
formthe
to notify
the user
Function
tests whether
user has
that all form
fields
must
be completed.
pressed
the New
User
button,
indicating that a
new user must be added.
17
18
// check if the New User button wasTo

clicked
add a new
19
if ( isset( $NewUser ) ) {
20
user, we open the file

password.txt in append mode and assign the
file handle that is returned to variable $file.
21
// open password.txt for writing using append mode
22
if ( !( $file = fopen( "password.txt",
23
"a" ) ) ) {
24
59
25
// print error message and terminate script
26
// execution if file cannot be opened
27
print( "<title>Error</title></head><body>
28
Could not open password file
29
</body></html>" );
die();
30
}
31
password.php
Print an error message and terminate script
(2 ofexecution
7)
if the file cannot be opened.
32
33
// write username and password to file and
34
// call function userAdded
35
fputs( $file, "$USERNAME,$PASSWORD\n" );
36
userAdded( $USERNAME );
37
38
else {
39
Function userAdded is called to print a message to the

Function fputs writes the name and password to the
user to indicate that the username and password were
text file..
added
to theadded,
file. open file
is
not being
40
// if a new user
41
// for reading
42
if ( !( $file = fopen( "password.txt",
43
"r" ) ) ) {
44
print( "<title>Error</title></head>
45
<body>Could not open password file
46
</body></html>" );
die();
47
48
49
60
50
$userVerified = 0;
51
52
// read each line in file

and check
username
Before
entering
the while
53
// and password
54
while ( !feof(
loop, variable
Function$userVerified
fgets reads a line
from
is set
to 0the
. text file.
$file
) && !$userVerified
) {
The result
is assigned to variable
$line.
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
password.php
(3 of 7)
// read line from file
The while loop executes as long

as the
are more
removes
thethere
newline
character
lines in the filefrom
to read
and of
variable
$userVerified is
the end
the line.
Function
split is called to separate the string at the
still
0 or empty.
// remove newline character from end of line
specified delimiter (in this case, a comma). The
$line = chop( $line );
The username
by the user
resulting array
is stored inentered
array $field
. is tested
against the one returned in the text file (stored
// split username and password
in the first element of the array). If they match,
$field = split( ",", $line, 2 );
variable $userVerified is set to 1.
chop
$line = fgets( Function
$file, 255
);
64
65
// verify username
66
if ( $USERNAME == $field[ 0 ] ) {
67
$userVerified = 1;
68
checkPassword returns true, function

accessGranted is called to notify the client that
69
function
// call function checkPassword to If
verify
70
// users password
71
permission
if ( checkPassword( $PASSWORD, $field
)
has been granted. Otherwise, function

wrongPassword is called.
72
== true )
73
accessGranted( $USERNAME );
74
75
else
wrongPassword();
Function checkPassword is called to verify the

users password. Variable $PASSWORD and array
$field are passed to the function.
61
76
77
78
81
If variable $userVerified has not been set to a

while loop
has executed,
value
otherAfter
than 0the
, function
accessDenied
is function
// close text fi
le
fclose
is called
close the
called to notify
the client
thattoaccess
has file.
been
password.php
fclose( $file );
denied.
(4 of 7)
82
// call function accessDenied if username has
83
// not been verified
84
if ( !$userVerified )
85
accessDenied();
79
80
86
87
88
Function checkPassword compares the users

password to the password in the file. If they match,
true is returned, whereas false is returned if they
do not.
// verify user password and return a boolean
89
function checkPassword( $userpassword, $filedata )
90
{
if ( $userpassword == $filedata[ 1 ] )
91
return true;
92
else
93
return false;
94
95
96
62
97
// print a message indicating the user has been added
98
function userAdded( $name )
99
{
print( "<title>Thank You</title></head>
100
101
<body style = \"font-family:

arial;
Function userAdded
102
font-size: 1em;
103
<strong>You have been added
104
to the user list, $name.
105
<br />Enjoy the
106
prints a message to the

color:
blue\">
client
indicating that the user has been added.
password.php
(5 of 7)
Function accessGranted prints a

site.</strong>"message
);
to the client indicating that
permission has been granted.
107
108
// print a message indicating permission
109
// has been granted
110
function accessGranted( $name )
111
{
print( "<title>Thank You</title></head>
112
113
<body style = \"font-family: arial;
114
font-size: 1em; color: blue\">
115
<strong>Permission has been
116
granted, $name. <br />
117
Enjoy the site.</strong>" );
118
119
63
120
// print a message indicating password is invalid
121
function wrongPassword()
122
125
Function wrongPassword prints a message to the

client indicating that the password is invalid.
password.php
(6 of 7)
font-size: 1em; color: red\">
126
<strong>You entered an invalid
127
password.<br />Access has
128
been denied.</strong>" );
print( "<title>Access Denied</title></head>
123
124
129
130
131
// print a message indicating access has been denied
132
function accessDenied()
133
{
print( "<title>Access Denied</title></head>
134
135
136
font-size: 1em; color: red\">
137
<strong>
138
You were denied access to this server.
139
<br /></strong>" );
140
Function accessDenied prints a message to the

client indicating that access has been denied.
141
64
1
4
2
/
/p
r
i
n
t am
e
s
s
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g
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n
d
i
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d
s
1
4
3
/
/h
a
v
eb
e
e
nl
e
f
tb
l
a
n
k
Function fieldsBlank prints a message to the

client indicating that all form fields have not been
completed.
p
r
i
n
t
("
<
t
i
t
l
e
>
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c
c
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d
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>
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password.php
<
b
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ys
t
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l
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"
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t
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a
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y
:a
r
i
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l
;
(7 of 7)
1
4
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1
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>
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y
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65

Password
Fig. 26.16
Verifying a username and password.
66
1a
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t
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6
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6
password.txt
(1 of 1)
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67
26.7 Connecting to a Database
Databases
Store and maintain data

MySQL is a free database product
PHP supports many database operations
Access databases from Web pages
68

2
3
4 
data.html
(1 of 2)
5 

6
8
9
10
<head>
<title>Sample Database Query</title>
</head>
11
12
13
14
15
<body style = "background-color: #F0E68C">

<h2 style = "font-family: arial color: blue">
Querying a MySQL database.
</h2>
16
17
18
<form method = "post" action = "database.php">

<p>Select a field to display:
19
20

21

69
<
s
e
l
e
c
tn
a
m
e= "
s
e
l
e
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t
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>
22
23
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o
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e
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d= "
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d
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>
*
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24
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25
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26
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27
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n
>
Select box containing options for a SELECT

data.html
query.
(2 of 2)
<
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>
28
<
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>
29
30
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31
32
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33
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34
35
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36 <
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70

Fig. 26.18
Form to query a MySQL database.
71
Interacting with databases
SQL
Structured Query Language

Used to manipulate databases
Several useful functions
mysql_connect
mysql_select_db
mysql_query
mysql_error
mysql_fetch_row
mysql_close
72
1
2

3
4



7
8
9
10
11

<head>
<title>Search Results</title>
</head>
12
13
<body style = "font-family: arial, sans-serif"
14
style = "background-color: #F0E68C">
15
<?php
16
17
Build the select query and assign the

string to variable $query.
extract( $_POST );
18
19
// build SELECT query
20
$query = "SELECT " . $select . "
Function mysql_connect returns a database

handle which represents PHPs connection to a
database. If this connection is not made, function
FROM
dieBooks";
is called to terminate script execution.
21
22
// Connect to MySQL
23
if ( !( $database = mysql_connect( "localhost",
24
"httpd", "" ) ) )
25
die( "Could not connect to database" );
73
26
27
// open Products database
28
Function)mysql_query
if ( !mysql_select_db( "Products", $database
)
29
30
31
//
32
if
33
die( mysql_error() );
34
}
35
36
returns an object
die( "Could not open Products database"
); the result set of the query, which
containing
we assign to variable $result.
database.php
query Products database
(2 of 3)
( !( $result
= mysql_query(
$query, $database
) ) { the
Function
mysql_select_db
is called to) specify
print( "Could not execute query! <br />" );
database to be queried.
?>
37
38
<h3 style = "color: blue">
39
Search Results</h3>
40
41
42

style = "background-color: #ADD8E6">
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
The for loop iterates through each

record in the result set while
// fetch each record in result setconstructing an XHTML table from
for ( $counter = 0;
the results. Variable $counter is
$row = mysql_fetch_row( $resultincremented
);
by one for each row
Function mysql_fetch_row returns an
$counter++ ){
retrieved.
array containing the elements of each
row in the result set of our query
74
($result).
<?php
51
// build table to display results
52
print( "<tr>" );
53
foreach ( $row as $key => $value )
54
database.php
(3 of 3)
print( "</tr>" );
The foreach loop iterates through the
}
array containing the elements of each row
and prints out each element in an
mysql_close( $databaseThe
); total number of results are printed to the
individual table cell.
client.
print( "<td>$value</td>" );
55
56
57
58
59
60
?>
61
62
63
</table>
64
65
<br />Your search yielded <strong>
66
<?php print( "$counter" ) ?> results.<br /><br /></strong>
67
68
<h5>Please email comments to

<a href = "mailto:deitel@deitel.com">
69
Deitel and Associates, Inc.
70
</a>
71
72
</h5>
73
74
</body>
75 </html>
75

Fig. 26.19
Querying a database and displaying the results.
76
26.8 Cookies
Cookies
Store information on client computer

Track preferences and other information
Stored as text files on hard drive
Never store sensitive information, such as credit
card numbers, in a cookie
Security risk
Cookies and PHP

setcookie function
Name
Value
Expiration date
77

2
3
4 
5 
cookies.html
(1 of 2)

8
9
10
<head>
<title>Writing a cookie to the client computer</title>
</head>
11
12
13
<body style = "font-family: arial, sans-serif;

background-color: #99CCFF">
14
15
<h2>Click Write Cookie to save your cookie data.</h2>
16
78
17
<form method = "post" action = "cookies.php"

style = "font-size: 10pt">
18
19
<strong>Name:</strong><br />
20
<input type = "text" name = "NAME" /><br />
Form data is posted to cookies.php.
21
22
<strong>Height:</strong><br />
23
<input type = "text" name = "HEIGHT" /><br />
cookies.html
(2 of 2)
24
25
<strong>Favorite Color:</strong><br />
26
<input type = "text" name = "COLOR" /><br />
27
<input type = "submit" value = "Write Cookie"
28
29
style = "background-color: #F0E86C; color: navy;
30
font-weight: bold" /></p>
31
32
</form>
</body>
33 </html>
79
26.8 Cookies
Fig. 26.20
Gathering data to be written as a cookie.
80
1 <?php
2
// Fig. 26.21: cookies.php
// Program to write a cookie to a client's machine
4
5
extract( $_POST );
// write each form fields value to a cookie and set the
// cookies expiration date
setcookie( "Name", $NAME, time() + 60 * 60 * 24 * 5 );
setcookie( "Height", $HEIGHT, time() + 60 * 60 * 24 * 5 );
10
setcookie( "Color", $COLOR, time() + 60 * 60 * 24 * 5 );
cookies.php
(1 of 2)
Function setcookie takes the name of the

cookie to be set as the first argument,
followed by the value to be stored in the
cookie. The optional third argument specifies
the expiration date of the cookie.
11 ?>
12
13
14
15

17
18
19
<head>
<title>Cookie Saved</title>
</head>
20
21
22
<body style = "font-family: arial, sans-serif">

<p>The cookie has been set with the following data:</p>
23
81
24
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>
26
27
28
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29
form fields value is printed to

confirm the data that has been set as a
cookie with the user.
cookies.php
(2 of 2)
30
31
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s
p
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t
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l
e= "
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32
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>
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>
34
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35
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36
37
<
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38 <
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h
t
m
l
>
Hyperlink to readCookies.php.
82
26.8 Cookies
Fig. 26.21 Writing a cookie to the client.
83
26.8 Cookies
Reading cookies
$_COOKIE environment
Array
foreach loop
variable
to access each element
Split into key and value
84
26.8 Cookies
Cookie storage
Internet Explorer
Stores cookies in Cookies directory

Text file
85
26.8 Cookies
Fig. 26.22 Cookies directory before a cookie is written.
Fig. 26.23 Cookies directory after a cookie is written.
86

2
3
4 
5 

6
readCookies.php
(1 of 2)

8
<head><title>Read Cookies</title></head>
9
10
<body style = "font-family: arial, sans-serif">
11
12
13
<p>
<strong>
14
The following data is saved in a cookie on your
15
computer.
16
17
</strong>
</p>
18
87
19
<
t
a
b
l
eb
o
r
d
e
r="
5
"c
e
l
l
s
p
a
c
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n
g="
0
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e
l
l
p
a
d
d
i
n
g="
1
0
"
>
<
?
p
h
p
20
The foreach
loop
iterates
through
the $_COOKIE
PHP
creates
array
$_COOKIE
which contains all
array and prints
thevalues
name indexed
and valuebyoftheir
eachnames.
cookie
cookie
/
/i
t
e
r
a
t
et
h
r
o
u
g
ha
r
r
a
y$
_
C
O
O
K
I
Ea
n
dp
r
i
n
t
in an XHTML table.
readCookies.php
/
/n
a
m
ea
n
dv
a
l
u
eo
fe
a
c
hc
o
o
k
i
e
(2 of 2)
f
o
r
e
a
c
h($
_
C
O
O
K
I
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s$
k
e
y=
>$
v
a
l
u
e)
21
22
23
24
p
r
i
n
t( "
<
t
r
>
25
26
<
t
db
g
c
o
l
o
r
=\
"
#
F
0
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6
8
C
\
"
>
$
k
e
y
<
/
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d
>
27
<
t
db
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o
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r
=\
"
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5
0
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>
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v
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e
<
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>
28
<
/
t
r
>
")
;
?
>
29
30
31
32
<
/
t
a
b
l
e
>
<
/
b
o
d
y
>
33 <
/
h
t
m
l
>
88
26.8 Cookies
Fig. 26.24 Displaying the cookies content.
89
26.9 Dynamic Content in PHP
Dynamically alter XHTML content
Forms action property set to same page that

contains it
Perform different actions when page is loaded and
form is submitted
isset
variable
Check for errors
Write different XHTML when errors encountered
$$variable syntax
References variable whose name equals the value of

$variable
If input is valid, make MySQL database calls
90

2
3
4 
5 

6
dynamicForm.php
(1 of 9)

8
9
<head>
<title>Sample form to take user input in XHTML</title>
10 </head>
11
12 <body>
13
<?php
14
extract ( $_POST );
15
$iserror = false;
Build array of options for the form.
16
17
// array of book titles
18
$booklist = array( "Internet and WWW How to Program 3e",
19
"C++ How to Program 4e",
20
"Java How to Program 5e",
21
"XML How to Program 1e" );
22
91
23
// array of possible operating systems
24
$systemlist = array( "Windows XP",
25
"Windows 2000",
26
"Windows 98",
27
"Linux",
28
"Other");
dynamicForm.php
(2 of 9)
29
30
// array of name and alt values for the text input fields
31
$inputlist = array( "fname" => "First Name",
32
"lname" => "Last Name",
33
"email" => "Email",
34
"phone" =>
35
If the page is being loaded as a result of a form

submission,
do error
checking and
then field
retrieve
Check for errors
or omissions
in form
"Phone" );
information
from the database.
input.
36
if ( isset ( $submit ) ) {
37
if ( $fname == "" ) {
38
$formerrors[ "fnameerror" ] = true;
39
$iserror = true;
40
41
42
if ( $lname == "" ) {
43
$formerrors[ "lnameerror" ] = true;
44
$iserror = true;
45
46
92
47
if ( $email == "" ) {
48
$formerrors[ "emailerror" ] = true;
49
$iserror = true;
50
51
52
if ( !ereg( "^$[0-9]{3}$[0-9]{3}-[0-9]{4}$", $phone ) ) {
53
$formerrors[ "phoneerror" ] = true;
54
$iserror = true;
55
56
57
58
dynamicForm.php
(3 of 9)
if ( !$iserror ) {
If there were no errors, query the MySQL

database.
59
// build INSERT query
60
$query = "INSERT INTO contacts " .
61
"( LastName, FirstName, Email, Phone, Book, OS ) " .
62
"VALUES ( '$lname', '$fname', '$email', " .
63
"'" . quotemeta( $phone ) . "', '$book', '$os' )";
64
65
// Connect to MySQL
66
67
"httpd", "" ) ) )
68
69
70
// open MailingList database
71
if ( !mysql_select_db( "MailingList", $database ) )
72
die( "Could not open MailingList database" );
93
73
74
// execute query in MailingList database
75
if ( !( $result = mysql_query( $query, $database ) ) ) {
76
77
78
dynamicForm.php
(4 of 9)
79
80
print( "<p>Hi
81
<span style = 'color: blue'>
82
<strong>$fname</strong></span>.
83
Thank you for completing the survey.<br />
84
85
You have been added to the
86
87
<strong>$book</strong></span>
88
mailing list.
89
</p>
90
<strong>The following information has been saved
91
in our database:</strong><br />
92
93
<table border = '0' cellpadding = '0' cellspacing = '10'>
94
<tr>
95
<td bgcolor = '#ffffaa'>Name</td>
96
<td bgcolor = '#ffffbb'>Email</td>
97
<td bgcolor = '#ffffcc'>Phone</td>
94
98
<td bgcolor = '#ffffdd'>OS</td>
99
</tr>
100
<tr>
101
102

103
<td>$fname $lname</td>
104
<td>$email</td>
105
<td>$phone</td>
106
<td>$os</td>
107
</tr></table>
dynamicForm.php
(5 of 9)
108
109
<br /><br /><br />
110
<div style = 'font-size: 10pt; text-align: center'>
111
<div style = 'font-size : 18pt'>
112
<a href = 'formDatabase.php'>
113
Click here to view entire database.</a></div>
114
This is only a sample form.
115
You have not been added to a mailing list.
116
</div></body></html>" );
Halt the script so the form-generation code

does not execute.
die();
117
}
118
119
120
121
print( "<h1>This is a sample registration form.</h1>
122
Please fill in all fields and click Register." );
95
123
124
if ( $iserror ) {
print( "<br /><span style = 'color : red'>
125
Fields with * need to be filled in properly.</span>" );
126
127
dynamicForm.php
(6 of 9)
128
129
print( "
130
<form method = 'post' action = 'dynamicform.php'>
131
<img src = 'images/user.gif' alt = 'User' /><br />
132
133
Please fill out the fields below.<br />
134
</span>
135
" );
136
137
Fill in the forms using $$variable syntax.
foreach ( $inputlist as $inputname => $inputalt ) {

$inputtext = $inputvalues[ $inputname ];
138
139
print( "<img src = 'images/$inputname.gif'
140
If the form input contained errors, place a red

asterisk (*) next to the text field.
141
alt = '$inputalt' /><input type = 'text'
142
name = '$inputname' value = '" . $$inputname . "' />" );
143
if ( $formerrors[ ( $inputname )."error" ] == true )
144
print( "<span style = 'color : red'>*</span>" );
145
146
print( "<br />" );
147
148
96
149
150
print( "<span style = 'font-size : 10pt" );
151
152
153
if ( $formerrors[ "phoneerror" ] )
print( "; color : red" );
154
155
156
dynamicForm.php
(7 of 9)
print( "'>Must be in the form (555)555-5555

</span><br /><br />
157
158
<img src = 'images/downloads.gif'
159
alt = 'Publications' /><br />
160
161
162
Which book would you like information about?
163
</span><br />
164
165

166
<select name = 'book'>" );
167
168
169
Make sure the correct book is selected in the

dropdown box.
foreach ( $booklist as $currbook ) {

print( "<option" );
170
171
172
if ( ( $currbook == $book ) )
print( " selected = 'true'" );
173
97
print( ">$currbook</option>" );
174
175
176
177
print( "</select><br /><br />
178
<img src = 'images/os.gif' alt = 'Operating System' />
179
<br /><span style = 'color: blue'>
180
Which operating system are you currently using?
181
<br /></span>
dynamicForm.php
(8 of 9)
182
" );
183
184
185
$counter = 0;
186
187
foreach ( $systemlist as $currsystem ) {
Make sure the correct OS is checked in the

checkbox.
'$currsystem'" );
print( "<input type = 'radio' name = 'os'
188
value =
189
190
191
if ( $currsystem == $os ) print( "checked = 'checked'" );
192
if ( $iserror && $counter == 0 ) print( "checked = 'checked'" );
193
print( " />$currsystem" );
194
195
196
if ( $counter == 2 ) print( "<br />" );
197
$counter++;
198
199
98
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dynamicForm.php
(9 of 9)
99

Fig. 26.25 Dynamic form using PHP.
100

Fig. 26.25 Dynamic form using PHP.
101

2
3
4 
5 

6 
formDatabase.php
(1 of 3)
7
9
10
11
<head>
<title>Search Results</title>
</head>
12
13
<body style = "font-family: arial, sans-serif"
14
style = "background-color: #F0E68C">
15
<?php
16
17
Build the query string.

extract( $_POST );
18
19
// build SELECT query
20
$query = "SELECT * FROM contacts";
21
22
// Connect to MySQL
23
24
"httpd", "" ) ) )
25
102
26
27
// open MailingList database
28
if ( !mysql_select_db( "MailingList", $database ) )
29
die( "Could not open MailingList database" );
30
31
// query MailingList database
32
if ( !( $result = mysql_query( $query, $database ) ) ) {
33
34
}
35
36
formDatabase.php
(2 of 3)
?>
37
38
<h3 style = "color: blue">
39
Mailing List Contacts</h3>
40
41
42

style = "background-color: #ADD8E6">
43
44
<tr>
45
<td>ID</td>
46
<td>Last Name</td>
47
<td>First Name</td>
48
<td>E-mail Address</td>
49
<td>Phone Number</td>
50
<td>Book</td>
103
<td>Operating System</td>
51
52
</tr>
53
<?php
54
55
// fetch each record in
56
for ( $counter = 0;
Retrieve each mailing list

member record from the
resultdatabase.
set
57
$row = mysql_fetch_row( $result );
58
$counter++ ){
59
60
// build table to
61
print( "<tr>" );
formDatabase.php
(3 of 3)
Dynamically create a table

display
resultseach mailing list
containing
member.
62
63
foreach ( $row as $key => $value )
64
print( "<td>$value</td>" );
65
print( "</tr>" );
66
}
67
68
mysql_close( $database );
69
?>
70
71
72
</table>
73
74
</body>
75 </html>
104

Fig. 26.26 Displaying the MailingList database.
105
26.10 Operator Precedence

Operator
new
[]
~
!
++
-@
*
/
%
+
.
<<
>>
<
>
<=
>=
==
!=
===
!==
Fig. 26.27
Type
Associativity
constructor
subscript
bitwise not
not
increment
decrement
unary negative
error control
multiplication
division
modulus
addition
subtraction
concatenation
bitwise shift left
bitwise shift right
less than
greater than
less than or equal
greater than or equal
equal
not equal
identical
not identical
none
right to left
right to left
left to right
left to right
left to right
none
none
PHP operator precedence and associativity.
106
26.10 Operator Precedence

Operator
&
^
|
&&
||
=
+=
-=
*=
/=
&=
|=
^=
.=
<<=
>>=
and
xor
or
,
Fig. 26.27
Type
Associativity
bitwise AND
bitwise XOR
bitwise OR
logical AND
logical OR
assignment
addition assignment
subtraction assignment
multiplication assignment
division assignment
bitwise AND assignment
bitwise OR assignment
bitwise exclusive OR assignment
concatenation assignment
bitwise shift left assignment
bitwise shift right assignment
logical AND
exclusive OR
logical OR
list
left to right
left to right
left to right
left to right
left to right
left to right
left to right
left to right
left to right
left to right
PHP operator precedence and associativity.

107

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Chapter 26 - PHP

To understand PHP data types, operators, arrays and

PHP: Hypertext Preprocessor

Anyone may view, modify and redistribute source code

Variables preceded by $ symbol

Must enclose all script code

End statements with semicolon

Filenames end with .php by convention

<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN"

Declare variable $name

<body style = "font-size: 2em">

Welcome to PHP, <?php print( "$name" ); ?>!

Function print outputs the value of variable

Simple PHP program.

Can have different types at different times

1 <!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN"

5

Assign a string to variable

// declare a string, double and integer

$testString = "3.5 seconds";

Assign a double to variable

<?php print( $testString ); ?> is a string.<br />

<?php print( $testDouble ); ?> is a double.<br />

<?php print( $testInteger ); ?> is an integer.<br />

Now, converting to other types:<br />

// call function settype to convert variable

// testString to different data types

settype( $testString, "double" );

print( " as a double is $testString <br />" );

settype( $testString, "integer" );

print( " as an integer is $testString <br />" );

settype( $testString, "string" );

1 <!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN"

5

Define constant VALUE.

print( "The value of variable a is $a <br />" );

// define constant VALUE

Add constant VALUE to variable $a.

// add constant VALUE to variable $a

print( "Variable a after adding constant VALUE

print( "Multiplying variable a by 2 yields $a <br />" );

Multiply variable $a by two using the

// test if variable $a is less than 50

print( "Variable a is less than 50 <br />" );

print( "Variable a after adding 40 is $a <br />" );

Add 40 to variable $a using the addition assignment

// test if variable $a is 50 or less

print( "Variable a is still 50 or less<br />" );

// test if variable $a is between 50 and 100, inclusive

elseif ( $a < 101 )

print( "Variable a is now between 50 and 100,

// print an uninitialized variable

print( "Using a variable before initializing:

// add constant VALUE to an uninitialized variable

$test = $num + VALUE;

print( "An uninitialized variable plus constant

// add a string to an integer

$str = "3 dollars";

print( "Adding a string to variable a yields $a