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(x + y)0 = 1
1 term
(x + y)1 = x + y
2 terms
(x + y)2 = x2 + 2xy + y2
3 terms
4 terms
5 terms
6 terms
(x + y)5 = x5 + 5x4y + 10x3y2 + 10x2y3 + 5xy4 + y5
(x + y)1 = x + y
(x + y)2 = x2 + 2xy + y2
(x + y)3 = x3 + 3x2y + 3xy2 + y3
(x + y)4 = x4 + 4x3y + 6x2y2 + 4xy3 + y4
(x + y)5 = x5 + 5x4y + 10x3y2 + 10x2y3 + 5xy4 + y5
1. The exponents on x decrease from n to 0.
The exponents on y increase from 0 to n.
10
1
1
1+2=3
1
6 + 4 = 10
1
2
3
4
1st row
1
3
2nd row
1
4
3rd row
1 5 10 10 5 1
4th row
5th row
Each number in the interior of the triangle is the sum of the two
numbers immediately above it.
The numbers in the nth row of Pascals Triangle are the binomial
coefficients for (x + y)n .
Copyright by Houghton Mifflin Company, Inc. All rights reserved.
6
2
6
3
6 6
5
4
6
6
6C0
6C2
6C3
6C4
6C6
6C1
6
=6=
1
6C5
6
and 6C4 = 15 = 6C2.
5
1
1
1
1
1
2
3
1st row
1
3
6
2nd row
3rd row
1
4
4th row
Cr
( n r )! r !
7!
7!
7
Example: 7 C3
(7 3)! 3! 4! 3! 4! 3!
(7 6 5 4) (3 2 1) 7 6 5 4
35
( 4 3 2 1) (3 2 1) 4 3 2 1
Copyright by Houghton Mifflin Company, Inc. All rights reserved.
48
10!
10!
(10 9 8 7 6) 5! 10 9 8 7 6
252
10 C5
(10 5)! 5! 5! 5!
5! 5!
5 4 3 2 1
10!
10!
1! 1
1
10 C 0
50!
(50 49) 48! 50 49
50
50!
1225
2! 48!
2 1
48 (50 48)! 48! 2! 48!
12
12! 12 11! 12
12!
12
1
1 (12 1)! 1! 1! 1! 11! 1!
Copyright by Houghton Mifflin Company, Inc. All rights reserved.
Binomial Theorem
n 1
( x y ) x nx y
n
nC r x
nr
y
r
nxy
n 1
n!
with n Cr
( n r )!r !
Example: Use the Binomial Theorem to expand (x4 + 2)3.
10
11
12!
12!
12!
12 12
11 11
(2 a )
( 2 a )b
( 210 a10 )b 2 ...
(12 0)! 0!
(12 1)! 1!
(12 2)! 2!
( 212 a12 ) 12( 211 a11 )b (12 11)( 210 a10 )b 2 ...
12
13 C 7
6! 7!
6! 7!
13 12 11 10 9 8
1716
6 5 4 3 2 1
13