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Todays electric grid was designed to operate as a

vertical structure consisting of generation, trans


and dist.
Supported with controls and devices to maintain
reliability ,stability and efficiency
Now operators facing challenges including the
penetration of RER , rapid technological changes
and different types of market players and end
users

The next iteration smart grid will be equipped


with communication support schemes on real
time measurement techniques to enhance
resiliency and forecasting.
Protection against internal and external
threats.
Framework: based on unbundling and
restructuring the power sector and
optimizing its assets

New grid: capable of


Handling uncertainties in schedules and power
transfers across regions
Accommodating renewables
Optimizing the transfer capacity of transmission
and distribution networks and meeting the demand
for increased quality and reliable supply

Managing and resolving unpredictable events and


uncertainties in operations and planning

Characteristics

Todays grid

Smart grid

Active consumer
participation

Consumers are
uninformed and do
not participate

Informed, involved
consumers; demand
response and
distributed energy
resources

Accommodation of all
generation and
storage option

Dominated by central
generation; many
obstacles exists for
distributed energy
resources
interconnection

Many distributed
energy resources with
plug and play- focus
on renewables

New products services Limited , poorly


and markets
integrated wholesale
markets: limited
opportunities for
consumers

Mature, well
integrated wholesale
markets. Growth of
new electricity
markets for
consumers

Provision of power
quality for digital

Power quality a
priority with a variety

Focus on outagesslow response to

There are many smart grid definitions, some


functional, some technological, and some
benefits-oriented.
A common element to most definitions is the
application of digital processing and
communications to the power grid, making
data flow and information management
central to the smart grid.

A smart grid is a modernized electrical grid


that uses information and communications
technology to gather and act on information,
such as information about the behaviors of
suppliers and consumers, in an automated
fashion to improve the efficiency, reliability,
economics, and sustainability of the
production and distribution of electricity

Advanced metering infrastructure


Outage management system
Power quality management
Demand response
Renewable integration microgrid
Smart home energy management
Energy storage
Electric vehicle

facilitates monitoring and measurement of


consumer information through Smart Meters
installed at customer premises. The
information is transferred to utility control
centre through communication mode such
GPRS / PLC / RF. Smart meters will also
enable Time of Day (TOD) and Critical Peak
pricing (CPP)/Real Time Pricing (RTP) rate
metering and monitoring based on energy
consumption.

Recording energy consumption data for consumer and utility


(kWh, kVARh voltage, pf, max demand etc.)
Automatically send the consumption data to the utility at predefined intervals.
Time-based pricing signal for Demand Response.
Bi-directional communication ability.
Net metering to facilitate integration of Distributed Generation in
the form of Roof Top Solar etc.
Loss of power (and restoration) event notification.
Remote Load limiting for Peak Load management.
Remote connection and disconnection of individual supply.
Energy prepayment.
Reporting meter tampering in real time to the utility.
Communications with other intelligent devices in the home.
Gateway to communicate other meters data (Gas/water).

OMS manages unscheduled and scheduled


outages of distribution infrastructure like
Distribution Transformers (DTs), HT/LT
feeders etc. It collect and coordinates
information about outages including
customer calls and report the operator for
taking corrective actions through crew
management and remote control enabling
customer satisfaction, improve System
Availability and Reliability.

Power Quality Management address events like


Voltage flickering (Sags/Swells), unbalanced
phases voltages and harmonic
distorted/contaminated supply etc. This will
facilitate efficient and reliable operation of the
power system, reduce losses, improve customer
satisfaction and reduced equipment
(utility/consumer) failures. Power Quality
management shall include voltage / VAR Control,
Load balancing, Harmonics Controller etc.

The DR application collects information from


various systems like the load forecast,
SCADA, and MDM sub systems. Based on
these inputs power demand-supply is
determined for present and the next time
block and the deficit/surplus is worked out.
Based on the deficit/surplus demand
response signals are sent out to the
consumers.

Demand Side Management solution helps to


make the electric grid much more efficient
and balanced by assisting the consumers
reduce their overall electric demand, and/or
shifts the time period when they use their
electricity, and/or prioritizes the way they use
electricity, and in so doing, reduces their
overall energy costs. It also helps utility in
deferring additional investment in capacity
addition, reductions of AT&C losses.

Demand response (DR) mechanism shall


create an understanding among consumers
that pricing of electricity varies significantly
during the day, facilitating consumer for
wiser use of electricity. Demand response
includes turning off non essential loads &
shifting energy intensive activities to off peak
hours.

A Microgrid is an integrated energy and


communication system consisting of
interconnected loads and Distributed Energy
Resources (DER) which mainly operates in
standalone mode or in parallel with the grid
(macro grid) in case of emergency. Microgrid
generation resources include Micro turbines,
wind, solar, fuel cells or other energy sources.
The multiple dispersed generation sources and
ability to isolate the microgrid from a larger
network provides highly reliable electric power to
its consumers.

The Home Energy Management System will


enable the end user to monitor energy
consumption & cost of electricity, optimise
energy usage, control appliances and other
devices, make informed decisions under
variable pricing structure, participate in
demand response programs empowering
consumer involvement in energy
management process.

Growing Electrical power needs for the space


craft systems-Megawatt range
Existing DC based power systems has
limitations excessive copper cable weight to
compensate for the losses
Early AC power distribution employees solar
arrays and brayton generator has power
sources
Rotary transformer and series resonant
inverter to generate high frequency power

Capgeminis Vision:
Capgemini believes that in order to make
meaningful progress toward addressing the
current grid challenges and delivering on the
future grid characteristics, utilities should
focus on four main activities:

1.Gather data: Data should be collected from many sources on


the grid.
2. Analysis/forecasting: The data that is gathered should be analyzedfor operational and business purposes.
3. Monitor/manage/act: In the operational world, data that
comes from the grid hardware will trigger a predefined process
that will inform, log or take action.
4. Rebuilding the grid to support bi-directional power flow and
transfer of power from substation to substation: This is to enable
the information that is collected and analyzed to be acted on.

IBM believes that the smart grid will be


manifested by a steady progression toward a
Participatory Network, a technology
ecosystem comprising a wide variety of
intelligent network-connected devices,
distributed generation, and consumer energy
management tools

Preparing for an environment in which customers are more active


participants.
Capitalizing on new sources of real-time customer and
operational information, and deciding which role(s) to play in the
industrys evolving value chain.

Better understanding and serving an increasingly heterogeneous


customer base.
To make these improvements, IBM believes that utilities will deploy advanced energy technologies such as smart metering,
sensors and distributed generation.

They believe that these technologies respond to the following


interests:

The combination of energy price increases and consumers increased sense of responsibility for the impact of their energy usage
on the environment.
The frequency and extent of blackouts are driving consumers, politicians and regulators alike to demand assessment and upgrade of
the industrys aging network infrastructure.

Climate change concerns have invigorated research and capacity


investments in small, clean generating technologies.
Technology costs have generally decreased as lower-cost communications, more cost-effective computing and open standards have
become more prevalent.

For utility executivesGE believes the potential for


dramatic energy productivity gains could improve
service, control costs and
strengthen reliability.
For operations managersGE anticipates a reduction
in the frequency and impact of outages with
improved real-time knowledge of grid status.
For chief information technology officersGE sees
the smart grid
as based on open-standard software and
communication protocols, easing systems integration
and support.

For maintenance and engineering professionals- GE believes more


can be done with less, and focuses resources on improving service,
instead of simply maintaining it.
Accurate, real-time and actionable knowledge of grid status enables a
shift from time-based to need-based maintenance. It also allows for a
more timely response to outages, speeding power restoration.

For customer service (call center) functionsCalls can be anticipated when an outage has occurred, making systems more responsive
to customers. Armed with answers, calls can be resolved faster,
allowing delivery of accurate information and a reduction of callbacks, queue times and staffing levels.

Some major elements GE believes will be


included are:
Distributed generation working seamlessly with
current assets.
Smart homes that make savings practical and
ease facets of every-day life.

Demand response that really knows demand and


optimizes response.

Thermal issues are generally related to thermal limits caused, change in the
network configuration. In a meshed power system, there can occur a situation
where a low impedance line carries much more power than originally designed for,
while parallel paths are underutilized.
In the future when, among others, private companies will operate
transmission lines and sell energy to interested parties, the load flow will
have to be controlled. One possibility is to use HVDC lines; another
possibility is load flow control using FACTS devices in an AC network;
Voltage and reactive power control issueslow voltage at heavily loaded
transmission lines as well high voltage at lightly loaded lines are
undesirable occurrences in transmission lines.
The first can be a limiting factor responsible for reduced value of the transmitted
power and the second can cause equipment damage.
The corrective actions with utilization of selected FACTS devices include correcting
the power factor and compensating reactive losses in lines by supplying reactive
power;

Loss reductiongenerally, total losses in a


system cannot be reduced to such an extent that
the installation of power flow controllers is
justified.
Only the losses due to reactive power flow, which
usually are quite small, are easily avoidable. A
reduction of the losses due to active power flow
would require a decrease of the line resistances.
However, loss reduction in a particular area of
the system is a relevant issue.

Power transfers from one point to another will


physically flow on a number of parallel paths and
thereby impel losses on lines that might belong to
another utility, thus causing increased costs for that
company. If the latter utility cannot accept these
losses, power flow control can be a solution;
Transient and dynamic stability control issues
transient stability describes the ability of the power
system to survive after a major disturbance, while
dynamic stability describes sustained or growing
power swing oscillations between generators or a
group of generators initiated by a disturbance (fault,
major load changes etc

The first phenomenon can be improved by


synchronizing power flow between sending
and receiving ends.
A solution for the second phenomenon lies in
the use of equipment that permits dynamic
damping of such oscillations.
In the first as well as the second
situation, active power flow control can be a
solution.

Delivery of power at multi kHz frequency via


electric cables
Flexibility to meet loads at different voltage levels
Ease of electrical isolation using compact high freq
transformers
Savings in component and system integration
Improves the dynamic response of the system
Reduces acoustic noise
Development in high frequency cable and magnetic
materials ,resonant power converter technologies
Advanced Soft Switching schemes

High frequency operation higher EMI and


higher cross talk
Design of power cables that carry high
frequency current without significant skin and
proximity effect losses
Cable must also have low inductive reactance
to minimize voltage drop and radiated
magnetic fields

HFAC system for space application proposed


by Sood and Lipo
Pulse density modulation called area
comparison pulse density modulation to
control the amplitude of the power output
This refers to minimization of volt time
area, difference between the reference signal
and the synthesized output signal
The circuit aims to produce the correct
proportion of positive and negative half cycle
pulses

High brid or double tuned resonant inverter


was developed.
Aims to meet the steady state operating
requirement of a power source for the
international space station mobile servicing
system
The key requirements are high efficiency at
varying load, good voltage regulation and low
harmonic distortion

Present power distribution DC domain


Higher power requirements - Higher
complexity higher reliability compactness
challenges for DC distributions
Two types of power distribution centralized
DC / DC and distributed DC/DC
The first method simple to implement for a
single DC/DC converter, converting 48 Volts
battery input to different voltages
The current to be distributed in bus bar is
very high

Results in larger conductors - Excessive heat


voltage drop

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