NR2033

 Calorimeter
Semiconductor
Film

badge

TLD
Fricke

 Single

photon calorimeter

 Energy

absorbed.

Absorbed

dose is determined by calculate the

rise in temperature produced.

Gy = 1J/kg = 1cal/4.18 kg.

Water need 103 cal/kg for 1oC increment
(specific heat)
So, the rise in T produced by 1 Gy = 2.39 x
10-4 oC.
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 Material

properties (absorber)
Graphite/carbon = low Z, convert all
energy to heat (large
thermal conductivity)
Water = direct determination of the
absorbed dose.

 determine

the absorbed dose if the 300keV X-ray photon hit the graphite and
raised its temperature from 37 C to 50 C?

 Measuring

the amount of visible light emitted

from a crystal in the detector when the
crystal is heated.

The

amount of light emitted is dependent

upon the radiation exposure.

main types of TLDs. Both consist of a

small crystals:
CaF: to record gamma exposure

LiF: for gamma and neutron exposure.

Two step procedure in TLD

First step

Expose the TLD material to the radiation.

Second step

Place the irradiated TLD material in a special reader unit.

o
o
o

Unit heats the TLD material and measures the amount of light
emitted during the heating process.
Heating frees the trapped electrons and allows them to drop to
their normal low energy positions.
Energy difference between the two electron locations is given off in
the form of light.

 Light

is measured by a photomultiplier tube

in the TLD reader.

Signal

from the photomultiplier tube is

amplified and displayed on a digital meter
usually in units of electric charge,
microcoulomb (mC), nanocoulomb (nC) or
directly as mSv, cGy, gray etc.

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 Contains

silver bromide.
When radiation is present, the film reacts
and becomes dark (latent image)
When the film is developed, crystal =
metallic silver.
Concentration of metallic silver is
determined using densitometer to obtain
optical density (OD) @ absorbance;
A

= log (I0 /It)

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Photographic emulsions mounted in plastic then

wrapped in thin, light tight paper, sandwich
fashion and placed in plastic holder called
cassette.

Contains cutaway portions to allow the entrance

of beta particles.

Contain various filters- usually copper, cadmium,

aluminum and lead to help distinguish photons of
different energies.

Able to be clipped on workers clothing allowing

the measure of total, or whole body, exposure
and also the ability to distinguish the types,
energy and direction of radiation.
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 Energy

absorbed /absorbed dose is

determined by measuring the chemical
change in absorbing medium (various shape)

High

energy X-ray & electron beam.

Oxidation

of an acidic aqueous solution of

ferrous sulphate (Fe2+) to ferric sulphate
(Fe3+)

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 Spectrophotometer

Ferric ion (Fe3+) is measured by absorption

spectrometry (UV light, 304 nm is strongly
absorbed by the ferric ion).
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value = number of mole of ferric ions

produced per joule of the energy absorbed
D = (A/ lG )(9.65 x 108) rad
A =change

in absorbance at
= molar extinction coefficient of ferrous
ion (21965 liters /mol)
l = length of cuvette (cm)
= density of the solution (1.024)

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sample of the Fricke solution is exposed to

Co-60 source.The well-mixed irradiated
solution is then placed in a quartz cuvette of
2 cm path length and its absorbance
measured against the stock solution at 304
nm.The measured absorbance is 0.360.
Calculate the dose.
G = 15.5, =2196, l = 2 cm, = 1.024 g/cm3

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