Combining

Elements
OBJECTIV
ES
Chemica Chemica Chemic
Compou
l l al
nds and
Formula Equation Reactio
Mixtures
s s ns
Bibliogra
phy
Presenter
s
 OBJECTIVES
1. To be able to differentiate Mixture from
Compounds;
2. To be able to state how chemical formulas
are significant to the study of chemistry;
3. To give the points on how to manage
chemical formulas;
4. To give the different kinds of chemical
reactions; and
5. To be able to practice the value of
respect, discipline and listening.

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mixtures

Examp
les
 Compounds

Exampl
es
 Examples of mixtures

• soil
• ocean water and other solutions
• air
• the cytosol of a cell

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 Examples of compounds

• water (H2O)
• table salt (NaCl)
• table sugar (C12 H22 O11 )

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 Methods of separating
components of mixtures
FILTRATI FLOTATI MECHANICAL
ON ON SEPARATION
CENTRIFUGATI DISTILLATI CHROMATOGRA
ON ON PHY
FRACTIONAL
CRYSTALLIZATION
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 filtration

The process of separating the

insoluble solid from the liquid
substance by allowing the
liquid to pass through a
porous material.

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 flotation

A method in which some

solids of a suspension
mixture are allowed to
settle and the less dense
material is poured off.
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 Mechanical separation
This involves the use of
forceps, sieves, and other
similar tools. Gravel and sand
are separated by picking the
gravel or passing the mixture
over a wire screen.
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 centrifugation

This speeds up the settling of the

precipitate. The centrifuge is a motor
driven apparatus. The centripetal force
developed during the rotation brings the
precipitate to the bottom of the tube.
Then the supernatant liquid is poured off.

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 DISTILLATION
This is a process that involves the
evaporation and condensation of volatile
liquid. The more volatile liquid in the
mixture boils off first, evaporates, then
condenses.

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 FrACtional crystallization

This employs the lowering of

temperature so that more insoluble
component crystallizes out first.
The solid is removed by filtration.

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 chromatography

This uses the difference in

degree to which
substances are absorbed
in a surface of an inert
substance.
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 CHEMICAL FORMULA
It is another shorthand in
chemistry. The formula gives so
much information. It tells not
only what elements make up the
compound but also the relative
number of atoms in each
molecule of the compound.
Examp
les
Examples of chemical
formula

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CHEMICAL EQUATION

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Writing chemical equation

In writing chemical equation

an arrow (→) or an equal
sign (=) usually separates
the reactants from the
products. Symbols to signify
the physical state are often
used.
 Writing chemical equation
For example:
1. (g) for gas or an arrow pointing upward (↑) such as H2 (g) or H2 ↑.
2. (l) for liquid such as H2O (l)
3. (s) for solid substance or precipitate, you may use the arrow
pointing downward (↓) or underline the formula of the solid
substance such as AgCl (s), AgCl ↓, or AgCl.
4. (aq) for a substance in water solution such as H2SO4(aq)
Writing chemical equation
To represent heat, use the
symbol ∆ written over the
arrow.

∆
→
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 Chemical reactions
Chemical reactions that take place daily in
our environment and in the human body
can be classified as:
Composition or Direct Combination
Reaction
Decomposition or Breaking-apart
Reaction
Single Displacement Reaction

Double Replacement Reaction

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 Composition or Direct
combination Reaction
A direct combination takes
place when two or more
elements combine to form a
more complex molecule.
A+B → AB

BAC
K
Decomposition or Breaking-
apart reaction
In decomposition reaction,
usually a compound,
breaks down to form two
or more substances which
may be elements or
compounds.
AB → A+B BAC
K
 Single displacement
reaction
In a single displacement or
substitution or replacement
reaction, one element reacts
by replacing the other
element in a compound.
A+BC → AC+B
BAC
K
 Double displacement
reaction
Two compounds are involved in this reaction. The
positive ion of one compound exchanges with the
positive cation of another compound.

AB+CD → AD+CB

BAC
K
 BIBLIOGRAPHY
Books:
• Mapa, et.al (2006). Chemistry (Science and Technology). Quezon City, SD Publications,
Inc.
• Mendoza, et. Al (2005). Science and Technology – Chemistry. Quezon City, Phoenix
Publishing House.
Internet Sources:
• ^ Atkins' Physical Chemistry, 7th Ed. by Julio De Paula, P.W. Atkins ISBN 0198792859
• International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry. "mixture".
Compendium of Chemical Terminology Internet edition.
• Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mixture
Journal:
• The Science Education, January 2008

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Marco Rhonel
M. Eusebio ;
Angela B.
Velasco