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q = - K grad h

Darcys law

grad is a vector

grad
1 2 3
x
y
z
h
h
h
grad (h)
1
2 3
x
y
z
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q is a vector

q qx 1 qy 2 qz 3
Transient mass balance equation:

qx qy qz
h

W Ss
x
y
z
t

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Steady State Mass Balance Equation with W = 0

qx qy qz

0
x
y
z

grad q = 0

q=0

(del notation)

The dot product of

grad and q is
div q = 0
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h
h
( Kx )
( Ky ) ( Kz ) Ss
W
x
x
y
y
z
z
t

Anisotropic medium: K at a point varies with direction

Kx Ky Kz
or
Kx = Ky Kz

Heterogeneous medium: K varies in space

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Characteristics of K in two dimensions

A Kx

Kz

Kx Kz

Kx = Kz = K
Homogeneous, isotropic

Homogeneous, anisotropic

Heterogeneous, isotropic

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Heterogeneous, anisotropic

Characteristics of K in two dimensions

A Kx

Kz

Kx Kz

Kx = Kz = K
Homogeneous, isotropic

Homogeneous, anisotropic

Heterogeneous, isotropic

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Heterogeneous, anisotropic

h
h
( Kx )
( Ky ) ( Kz ) Ss
W
x
x
y
y
z
z
t

homogeneous, isotropic porous medium: Kx = Ky = Kz = K

h
steady state conditions:
0
t
W=0

Laplace equation
h
h
( ) 2
x x
x
2

h
h
h

0
2
2
2
x
y
z
2

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=0

Toth Problem (2D)

Groundwater
divide

2h
2h

0
2
2
x
z

Impermeable Rock

2D, steady state

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Groundwater
divide

i, j-1

The 5 point star

in a regular grid
j

i-1, j

i, j

i+1, j
y

i, j+1
x

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x = y

hi 1, j hi 1, j hi , j 1 hi , j 1 4hi , j 0
hi , j (hi 1, j hi 1, j hi , j 1 hi , j 1 ) / 4

Iteration indices

hi 1, j hi 1, j
m

hi , j

m 1

m 1

hi , j 1 hi , j 1
m

4
Solution by iteration
Gauss-Seidel Iteration

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m 1

solution

m+3
Iteration
planes
m+2
hi , j m 1

m+1
initial guesses
m

hi 1, j m hi 1, j m hi , j 1m hi , j 1m
4

hi 1, j hi 1, j
m

hi , j

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m 1

m 1

hi , j 1 hi , j 1
m

m 1

4
Gauss-Seidel Iteration

10

10

4
7

10

10

10

10

j
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2D example
with specified head
boundary conditions

(Assume an initial
guess of h =10 for
all interior nodes)

10

10

4
7

6
9.75

10

10

10

10

j
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Example
with specified head
boundary conditions

10

10

9.75

4
7

6
8.44

10

10

10

10

j
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Example
with specified head
boundary conditions

10

9.75

8.44

10

9.94

4
7

10

10

10

10

j
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Example
with specified head
boundary conditions

10

10

4
7

6
9.94

10

10

10

10

j
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Example
with specified head
boundary conditions

i, j

Gauss-Seidel Iteration

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C4=(C3+C5+B4+D4)/4
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D4 D2 C 3 E 3
D3
4
Example of spreadsheet formula
Toth Problem

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