SEA TRANSPORT : IMPACT ON

ENVIRONMENT

NURLINA RIDWAN
TAHIRAH BANU BT MOHAMED ARIFF
MOHD BURHAN BIN CHE NAN

PRESENTATION OUTLINE

Definition- burhan
Problem- tahirah
Jenis2 Transport- burhan
Impact on Environment- tahirah
How to minimise, case study- kak lina

SEA TRANSPORT-DEFINITION

TYPES OF SEA TRANSPORT

Two types of Sea Transport
International Shipping- sail across oceans (
Cargo ships, Passenger ships)
Shipping in Country- along the beach (ferry,
coastal ships or cruise ships)

PROBLEMS IN SEA TRANSPORT

BALLAST WATER
SEWAGE
WILDLIFE COLLISIONS
OIL SPILL
EMISSIONS

BALLAST WATER
Ballast Tank a compartment within ship, boat or any floating
structure that holds water to support a ships stability.
All ships are supplied with system to take-in and discharge ballast
water.

Ballasting important for ships own safety and given special

importance.

Introduction of Invasive Species- Ballast water taken from one

body of water and discharged into another introduces invasive
species of aquatic life
Non native macro invertebrates find their way into the tank are
transported by transoceanic and coastal vessels arriving in ports all
over the world.
Leads to uneven distribution of the biota at different locations of
the world
Foreign organism or animals upset balance of local habitats
When interfere with natural habitat, it can potentially damage
existing animal life.

SEWAGE & SOLID WASTE

Cruise ship industry dumps 1.58 billion litres of sewage
(greywater and blackwater) every year.
Blackwater- sewage and wastewater from toilet and medical
facilities. (contains harmful bacteria, pathogens, viruses,
intestinal parasites, and harmful nutrients)
bacterial and viral contamination of fisheries and shellfish
beds,producing risks to public health. Nutrients in sewage,
such as nitrogen and phosphorus, promote excessive algal
blooms, which consumes oxygen in the water and can lead to
fish kills and destruction of other aquatic life

WILDLIFE COLLISIONS
Risk of marine mammals such as whales and manatees being
struck by ship causing injury and death.

Example: North Atlantic Right Whale, an endangered species

(only less 400 remaining)
The greatest danger to this species is ship collisions. Between
1970 and 1999, 35.5 % recorded deaths were due to ship
collisions.

OIL SPILL
Accidentals oil spills happens although very rarely, the effect is very
devastating.
It is toxic to marine life and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons
(PAHs), components in crude oil is very difficult to be cleaned up
and last for years.
Marine species exposed to PAHs exhibit development problems
such as susceptibility to disease, and abnormal reproductive
cycles.

CASE STUDIES
Exxon Valdez- One of the major known spills is Exxon Valdez In
Alaska, Despite various efforts 400,000 sea birds, about 1,000 sea
otters, and immense numbers of fish were killed
Gulf Oil Spill- estimated of 4.9 million barrels of oil has leaked into
the gulf, with 11 fatalities (exploded and sinking of Deepwater
Horizon Oil Rig).As much as 20 percent of the spilled oil may have
ended up on top of and in the seafloor, damaging deep sea corals
and potentially damaging other ecosystems that are unseen at the
surface.

CASE STUDY (CRUISE SHIPS)

US $25 million Fines paid by cruise lines in
U. S. for illegally dumping
oily water and air pollution
violations, 2000 - 2005
Fines paid for illegally
US $50 million
dumping oily water and
destroying coral reefs,
1995-1999

POLLUTION
Air Pollution -A cruise ships diesel engines can emit as much
exhaust as 10,000 cars, even when idling in port.

Of total global air emissions, shipping accounts for 18 to 30 percent

of the nitrogen oxide and 9 percent of the sulphur oxides
Sulphur in the air creates acid rain which damages crops and
buildings. When inhaled the sulphur is known to cause respiratory
problems and even increase the risk of a heart attack
A ship lets out around 50 times more sulphur than a lorry per metric
tonne of cargo carried

MINIMISING THE IMPACT

Establishment of Act
Better Enforcement
National Oil and Hazardous Substance
Contingency Plan
Disaster Training
R & D to improve better system in shipping