STIN1103 Lecture 1

Introduction to
Artificial Intelligence
M.RANI
Faculty of Information Technology, UUM
Phone: 04-9284620 fax: 04-9284753
Email: thagirarani@uum.edu.my
Introduction to
No. 1 Introduction to Artificial Intelligence
 Definition of AI
 History of AI
 Characteristics of AI Systems
 Artificial Intelligence as Different approach in
computing world
 Applications using Artificial Intelligence
 Philosophical Foundations of Artificial Intelligence
Introduction to
Definition of AI
The exciting new effort to
make computers think…
machine with minds, in the
full and literal sense.” System that think
(Haugeland, 1985)
Two main
dimensions
System that act

AI: OVERVIEW
Source: Russell & Norvig, (2003)

Introduction to
Definition of AI
Systems that think like humans

“The exciting new effort to make computers think…machine with
minds, in the full and literal sense.”
(Haugeland, 1985)
“[The automation of] activities that we associate with human

thinking, activities such as decision-making, problem solving,
learning…”
(Bellman, 1978)
AI: OVERVIEW
Introduction to
Definition of AI
Systems that think rationally
“The study of mental faculties through the use of computational

models.”
(Charniak & McDermott, 1985)
“The study of the computations that make it possible to precieve,

reason, and act.”
(Winston, 1992)
AI: OVERVIEW
Introduction to
Definition of AI
Systems that act like humans
“The art of creating machines that perform functions that require

intelligence when performed by people.”
(Kurzweil, 1990)
“The study of how to make computers do things at which, at the

moment, people are better.”
(Rich & Knight, 1991)
AI: OVERVIEW
Introduction to
Definition of AI
Systems that act rationally
“Computational Intelligence is the study of the design of intelligent

agents.”
(Poole et al., 1998)
“AI … is concerned with intelligent behavior in artifacts.”

(Nilsson, 1998)
AI: OVERVIEW
Introduction to
Characteristics of Intelligent Systems
Exhibit adaptive goal-oriented behavior

Learn from experience
Use vast amounts of knowledge
Exhibit self-awareness
Interact with human using language and
speech
Tolerate error and ambiguity in communication
AI: OVERVIEW
Respond in real-time
Introduction to
AI Vs Natural Intelligence
Artificial Intelligence Natural Intelligence

Consistent Not consistent
Can be copied and transfer Cannot be copied and transfer
Cost low High
Can be documented Difficult to document
Required steps of execution Creative
Symbolic Input Observation
AI: OVERVIEW
Focus – Limited Focus – Wider

Introduction to
AI Vs Conventional Program
AI Program Conventional Program

Based on the knowledge Based on the steps defined –
representation – dynamic difficult to change/update
Symbolic manipulation More to numeric manipulation
Qualitative Quantitative
Can perform reasoning and Cannot!
produce conclusion
AI: OVERVIEW
Introduction to
Foundations of AI
Philosophy
Mathematics
Economics
Neuroscience
Psychology
Computer engineering
AI: FOUNDATIONS
Control theory and Cybernetics

Linguistics
Introduction to
History of AI
The gestation of AI (1943-1955)

 Warren McCulloch & Walter Pitts (1943) –
Proposed Neural Network
 Donald Hebb (1949) – introduce Hebbian
Learning rule for Neural Network
 Alan Turing (1950s) – Turing test, machine
learning, genetic algorithms, and
reinforcement learning.
AI: HISTORY
Introduction to
History of AI
The birth of AI (1956)

 John McCarthy – introduce the term
“artificial intelligence”
Early enthusiasm (1952-1969)

 Birth of new AI techniques – more advance
AI: HISTORY
Introduction to
History of AI
Criticism and difficulties (1966-1973).
Knowledge-based systems (1969-1979)

 Introduction of Expert Systems, eg. MYCIN.
AI: HISTORY
Introduction to
History of AI
AI becomes an industry (1980-present)

 AI being commercialized
The return of Neural Networks (1986-

present)
 More advance algorithm being developed.
AI: HISTORY
Introduction to
History of AI
AI becomes a science (1987-present)

 Introduction of more advance AI techniques.
 Application in wide range of domain/field.
The emergence of intelligent agents

(1995-present)
 Introduction of intelligent agent.
AI: HISTORY
Introduction to
AI Application
Autonomous planning and scheduling

 NASA’s control the
scheduling of operations for
a spacecraft (Jonsson et al., 2000)
Game playing
AI: APPLICATION
 Deep Blue – first computer program to defeat

the world champion in a chess match.
Introduction to
AI Application
Autonomous control
Diagnosis
 Medical diagnosis
programs.
Logistics Planning
AI: APPLICATION
Introduction to
AI Application
Robotics
AI: APPLICATION
Language understanding
and problem solving
Introduction to
AI Tree
Machine Learning
Speech Understanding
Automatic
Programming Robotic
Natural Language Game Playing
Processing
Neural Network
Expert System
Fuzzy Logic
Intelligent Tutor Genetic Algorithm
AI: FOUNDATION & TREE
Computer Vision AI Data Mining

Tree
Philosophy Linguistics Computer Science
Mathematics
Economics Psychology Management &
Neuroscience
Psychology Philosophy Management Science
Computer engineering
Control theory and Cybernetics Electrical Engineering
Linguistics
Introduction to
Philosophical Questions in AI
How can mind arise from nonmind? (This is the mind-

body problem.)
How can there be “free will” in the mind, if the

brain is subject to the laws of nature?
What does it mean to “know” or “understand”

AI: PHILOSOPHICAL
something.
Can we mechanize the discovery of knowledge.

Introduction to
More Questions
Is there such a thing as a priori knowledge?
What is the structure of knowledge?
Can mind exist in something other than a brain?

AI: PHILOSOPHICAL
What do we communicate when we communicate with

language?
Introduction to
1. The Theological Objection
“Thinking is a function of man’s immortal soul.

God has given an immortal soul to every
man and woman, but not to any other animal
or to machines. Hence no animal or
machine can think.”
AI: PHILOSOPHICAL
Introduction to
2. The ‘Heads in the Sand’ Objection
“The consequences of machines thinking would

be too dreadful. Let us hope and believe that
they cannot do so.”
AI: PHILOSOPHICAL
Introduction to
3. The Mathematical Objection
“There are limitations to the powers of discrete

state machines” therefore there are questions
that humans can answer, but not machines.
AI: PHILOSOPHICAL
Introduction to
4. The Argument from Consciousness
“Not until a machine can write a sonnet or compose a

concerto because of thoughts and emotions felt, and not
by the chance fall of symbols, could we agree that
machine equals brain - that is, not only write it but know
that it had written it. No mechanism could feel (and not
merely artificially signal, an easy contrivance) pleasure
AI: PHILOSOPHICAL
at its successes, grief when its valves fuse, be warmed by

flattery, be made miserable by its mistakes, be charmed
by sex, be angry or depressed when it cannot get what it
wants.”
Introduction to
5. Arguments from Various Disabilities
“I grant you that you can make machines do

all the things that you have mentioned but you
will never be able to make one to do X.”
AI: PHILOSOPHICAL
Introduction to
6. Lady Lovelace’s Objection
”The Analytical Engine has no pretensions to

originate anything. It can do whatever we
know how to order it to perform.”
“A machine can ‘never do anything really

new’.”
AI: PHILOSOPHICAL
Introduction to
7. Arguments from Continuity in the Nervous System
“The nervous system is certainly not a discrete-

state machine. A small error in the information
about the size of a nervous impulse impinging
on a neuron, may make a large difference to the
size of the outgoing impulse. It may be argued
that, this being so, one cannot expect to be able
AI: PHILOSOPHICAL
to mimic the behaviour of the nervous system

with a discrete-state machine.”
Introduction to
8. The Argument from Informality of Behaviour
“It is not possible to produce a set of rules

purporting to describe what a man should do in
every conceivable set of circumstances. … To
attempt to provide rules of conduct to cover
every eventuality… appears to be impossible.”
AI: PHILOSOPHICAL
Introduction to
9. The Argument from Extra-Sensory Perception
Using ESP, one could conceivably route around

the issue in the Imitation Game, asking
questions that would require telepathy or
clairvoyance in order to be frequently answered
correctly.
AI: PHILOSOPHICAL

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Introduction to

System that act

Source: Russell & Norvig, (2003)

Systems that think like humans

“[The automation of] activities that we associate with human

Systems that think rationally

“The study of mental faculties through the use of computational

“The study of the computations that make it possible to precieve,

Systems that act like humans

“The art of creating machines that perform functions that require

“The study of how to make computers do things at which, at the

Systems that act rationally

“Computational Intelligence is the study of the design of intelligent

“AI … is concerned with intelligent behavior in artifacts.”

Exhibit adaptive goal-oriented behavior

Artificial Intelligence Natural Intelligence

Focus – Limited Focus – Wider

AI Program Conventional Program

Control theory and Cybernetics

The gestation of AI (1943-1955)

The birth of AI (1956)

Early enthusiasm (1952-1969)

Criticism and difficulties (1966-1973).

Knowledge-based systems (1969-1979)

AI becomes an industry (1980-present)

The return of Neural Networks (1986-

AI becomes a science (1987-present)

The emergence of intelligent agents

Autonomous planning and scheduling

 Deep Blue – first computer program to defeat

Computer Vision AI Data Mining

How can mind arise from nonmind? (This is the mind-

How can there be “free will” in the mind, if the

What does it mean to “know” or “understand”

Can we mechanize the discovery of knowledge.

Is there such a thing as a priori knowledge?

What is the structure of knowledge?

Can mind exist in something other than a brain?

What do we communicate when we communicate with

“Thinking is a function of man’s immortal soul.

“The consequences of machines thinking would

“There are limitations to the powers of discrete

“Not until a machine can write a sonnet or compose a

at its successes, grief when its valves fuse, be warmed by

“I grant you that you can make machines do

”The Analytical Engine has no pretensions to

“A machine can ‘never do anything really

“The nervous system is certainly not a discrete-

to mimic the behaviour of the nervous system

“It is not possible to produce a set of rules

Using ESP, one could conceivably route around

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