PRESENTED BY

JISHNU.S
PRADEEP KUMAR

 Important Terminologies used in Critical Welding

Operation
Preheating
Post Heating or Dehydrogenation
Intermediate Stress leaving
Inter pass Temperature
Post Weld Heat Treatment
Welding Terminologies used in Qualifications
Heat In Put
Heat Effected Zone HAZ
Dilution
Overlap In Weld Overlay
Tempering Bead

 Preheating
Post Heating or Dehydrogenation

Intermediate Stress leaving

Inter pass Temperature
Post Weld Heat Treatment

 Heating the base metal along the weld joint to a

predetermined minimum temperature

immediately before starting the weld.
Heating by Oxy fuel flame or electric resistant coil
Heating from opposite side of welding wherever
possible
Temperature to be verified by thermo chalks prior
to starting the weld

 Preheating eliminates possible cracking of weld

and HAZ
Applicable to
Hardenable low alloy steels of all thickness
Carbon steels of thickness above 25 mm.
Restrained welds of all thickness
Preheating temperature vary from 75C to 200C

depending on hardenability of material,

thickness & joint restraint

 Preheating promotes slow cooling of weld and HAZ

Slow cooling softens or prevents hardening of weld

and HAZ
Soft material not prone to crack even in restrained
condition

 Raising the pre heating temperature of the weld joint

to a predetermined temperature range (250 C to

350 C) for a minimum period of time (3 Hrs) before
the weld cools down to room temperature.
Post heating performed when welding is completed
or terminated any time in between.
Heating by Oxy fuel flame or electric resistant coil
Heating from opposite side of welding wherever
possible
Temperature verified by thermo chalks during the
period

 Post heating eliminates possible delayed cracking of weld

and HAZ
Applicable to
Thicker hardenable low alloy steels
Restrained hardenable welds of all
thickness
Post heating temperature and duration depends on
hardenability of material, thickness & joint restrain

Hydrogen is intoduced during welding.

Entrapped hydrogen in weld metal induces delayed

cracks unless removed before cooling to room

temperature
Retaining the weld at a higher temperature for a longer

duration allows the hydrogen to come out of weld

 Heat treating a subassembly in a furnace to a

predetermined cycle immediately on completion of critical

restrained weld joint / joints without allowing the welds to
go down the pre heat temperature. Rate of heating,
Soaking temperature, Soaking time and rate of cooling
depends on material quality and thickness
Applicable to
Highly restrained air hardenable material

 Restrained welds in air hardenable steel highly prone to

crack on cooling to room temperature.

Cracks due to entrapped hydrogen and built in stress
Intermediate stress relieving relieves built in stresses

and entrapped hydrogen making the joint free from

crack prone

 The temperature of a previously layed weld bead

immediately before depositing the next bead over it

Temperature to be verified by thermo chalk prior to
starting next bead
Applicable to
Stainless Steel
Carbon Steel & LAS with minimum impact

 Control on inter pass temperature avoids over heating,

there by
Refines the weld metal with fine grains
Improves the notch toughness properties
Minimize the loss of alloying elements in
Reduces the distortion

welds

 Heat treating an assembly on completion of all applicable

welding, in an enclosed furnace with controlled

heating/cooling rate and soaking at a specific temperature
for a specific time.
Rate of heating, Soaking temperature, Soaking time and
rate of cooling depends on material quality and thickness
Applicable to
All type of CS & LAS

 Welded joints retain internal stresses within the structure

HAZ of welds remains invariably hardened
Post Weld Heat Treatment relieves internal stresses and

softens HAZ. This reduces the cracking tendency of the

equipment in service

 Heat In Put
Heat Effected Zone HAZ
Dilution
Overlap In Weld Overlay
Tempering Bead

It is a part and parcel of weld joint

It is inevitable
It has properties different from BM &

Diluted BM
HAZ

Fusion Line
Weld Zone

Weld Metal

Weld Zone

Diluted BM

In all Fusion welding, a small portion of BM

very close to the welding heat gets melted and
added to weld zone / fusion zone. Dilution is
the ratio of molten base metal volume (Area)
to the volume ( Area) of total fusion zone
% Dilution = (Area of Diluted BM Total Fused Area) 100
HAZ

Fusion Line

Weld / Fusion Zone

Diluted BM

Weld metal chemistry changes depending on

the extent of dilution
Chemical elements influence Physical
properties of the joint.
Weld chemistry influences corrosion
resistance of weld overlays

Diluted BM
HAZ

Fusion Line
Weld Zone

Weld Zone

Diluted BM

 The extent of covering or over lapping of previous weld

bead by the adjacent bead.

Less Dilution

40 to 50 % Over Lap

More Thickness

Less Thickness

10 to 15 % Over Lap

More Dilution

 Overlap of 40 to 50% results in Less Dilution & more weld

overlay Thickness per layer

Less dilution results weld metal chemistry more towards
filler metal chemistry

Less Dilution

40 to 50 % Over Lap

More Thickness

Less Thickness

10 to 15 % Over Lap

More Dilution

 In a multi pass groove & Fillet Welds, each bead & its

HAZ are getting tempered (heat treated) by the

welding heat of the next bead.
Thus all beads & their HAZ, except those in last layer,
are tempered.
Temper beads are the specially & carefully welded
temporary beads on the top of final weld
reinforcement with out allowing to generate any HAZ
within the BM. Temper beads are to be ground flush
with the required reinforcement.

Temper Bead T1 & T2 Not To Generate HAZ In BM

Temper Beads To Be Ground Flush

Rqd. Reinforcement

T1

T2

5
4
3

2
1

T1 & T2 To be ground Flush

4
3

HAZ