Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Geography
The Scientific Method
Exploratory methods (descriptive statistics)
Confirmatory methods (inferential statistics)
Mathematical Notation
Summation notation
Pi notation
Factorial notation
Combinations
surprise
Description
Hypothesis
formalize
validate
Theory
Laws
Model
surprise
Description
Hypothesis
validate
Theory
Laws
formalize
Model
Inferential statistics
To infer something about the population from the
sample
Lie within the class of confirmatory methods
Mathematical Notation
The mathematical notation used most often in
this course is the summation notation
The Greek letter is used as a shorthand way of
indicating that a sum is to be taken:
i n
x
i 1
x1 x2 xn
i n
x
indicates we are
taking a sum
i 1
indicates what we
are summing up
x x x
i 1
i 1
x
i 1
x1 x2 x3 x4 x5 x6 x7 x8 x9 x10
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
x
i 3
x3 x4 x5 3 4 5 12
a a a a na
i 1
4
i 1
4 4 4 4 4 4 5 20
ax
i 1
ax
i 1
a xi
i 1
a ( x1 x2 xn ) a xi
i 1
ax
i 2
ax
a xi 3(5 6) 33
i 2
a xi 3(4 5 6) 45
(x y ) x y
i 1
i 1
i 1
( x1 x2 x3 xn 1 xn )
+
( y1 y2 y3 yn 1 yn )
(x y ) x y
i 1
i 1
i 1
(4 5) (7 8) 24
( x y ) (4 7) (5 8) 24
i 1
i 1
k
1
x x x
k
i
x
i 1
k
2
k
n
( x1 x2 xn )
2
i
4 5 6 77
2
( xi ) (4 5 6) 225
2
x y
i
i 1
( x1 y1 x2 y2 xn yn )
n
x y x y
i 1
x y
i 1
i 1
i 1
i 1
( x1 x2 xn ) ( y1 y2 yn )
x y
i
4 7 5 8 6 9 122
x y
i
(4 5 6) (7 8 9) 360
Rows
x11
x12
x21 x22
x13
x23
x
i 1 j 1
ij
Pi Notation
Whereas the summation notation refers to the
addition of terms, the product notation applies to
the multiplication of terms
It is denoted by the following capital Green letter
(pi), and is used in the same way as the
summation notation
n
x1 x2 xn
i 1
(x y ) (x
i
i 1
y1 )( x2 y2 ) ( xn yn )
Factorial
The factorial of a positive integer, n, is equal to
the product of the first n integers
Factorials can be denoted by an exclamation
point
n
n! i
i 1
5! 5 4 3 2 1 120 i
i 1
Combinations
Combinations refer to the number of possible
outcomes that particular probability experiments
may have
Specifically, the number of ways that r items may
be chosen from a group of n items is denoted by:
or
n
n!
r r!(n r )!
n!
C ( n, r )
r!(n r )!
Combinations
Example Suppose the landscape can be
characterized by five land cover types: forest (F),
grassland (G), shrubland (S), agriculture (A),
and water (W). A region has only two land cover
types, the number of possible combinations is:
n!
C (n, r )
r!(n r )!
5!
5 4 3 2 1
C (5,2)
10
2!(5 2)! (2 1) (3 2 1)
Combinations
Ten possible combinations:
F G, F S, F A, F W
G S, G A, G W
S A, S W
AW
F (forest), G (grassland), S (shrubland),
A (Agriculture), W (Water)
Assignment I
Textbook, p39-40, #3 - #5
#3 is about summation notation
#4 is about factorial
#5 is about combinations
Due: January 26th (Thursday) (preferably at the
beginning of class, or put in my mailbox before
5pm (Rm 315))
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Jingfeng Xiao