INDEX

• INDUS VALLEY CIVILIZATION [IVC]

• EARLIEST CITIES
• HOW WE GOT TO KNOW ABOUT I.V.C
• LIFE IN THE CITY FOR PEOPLE
• CRAFT IN THE CITY
• DISCOVERY OF COTTON
• PRECIOUS STONES
• DESTRUCTION OF INDUS VALLEY CIVILIZATION
• MY EXPERIENCE IN LOTHAL
INDUS VALLEY CIVILIZATION
The largest Indus region
was four ancient urban
civilization of Egypt,
Mesopotamia, South
Asia and China. It was
not discovered until the
1920's. Indus Valley
Civilization flourished
along the river valley
providing all the needs
of the people.
 EARLIEST CITIES
 The Indus Valley Civilization
have a common feature that the
Harappan used the same size
bricks and standardized units as
were used in other Indus cities
such as Mohenjo -Daro and Lothal
The cities were well planned with
wide streets, public and private
wells, drains, bathing platforms
and reservoirs. One of its most
well-known structures is the Great
Bath Of Mohenjo-Daro

Some of the earliest cities are-

•Harappa
•Lothal
•Mohenjo-daro
 HARAPPA

• TOWNS
• GRANARY
• POTTERY
• WALLS
• RING STONES

BACK TO
EARLIEST CITIES
 POTTERY
The pile was found
by archaeologist
represents sorted
and discarded
pottery sherds from
continuing
excavations at
Harappa since
1985
 TOWNS
The modern town of
Harappa survives on
another set of mounds.
During ancient times they
were separated from
Mound AB in the
foreground by a river
channel. Archaeologists
suspect that those
mounds were also first
settled in ancient times,
but no excavations have
been carried out there.
 GRANARY
There is a place so -called
"Great Granary" in Mound
of Harappa. Its earliest
levels date to 2450 B.C. A
similar structure, also about
50 meters long and built on
a massive brick or mud-
brick platform, was found at
Mohenjo-daro. Early
archaeologists quickly
identified the buildings as
granaries. At Harappa, two
sets of 6 rooms are aligned
on either side of
a central passageway.
 WALLS
The mounds at
Harappa remain
largely unexcavated.
Approximately half a
percentage of the
site's area is being
unearthed each
season by the
ongoing Harappa
Archaeological
Research Project
 RINGSTONES
The giant ringstones are similar
to ones found in Mohenjo-
daro and Dholavira. Local
legend claims they were the
rings of a giant of 17th
century saint (Baba Nur
Shah) who is buried on
Mound AB in Harappa. Early
excavators believed that were
significant to the ancient
Indus religion. Today,
archaeologists think that they
were used to secure wooden
posts at gateways to the city.
 LOTHAL
• DOCKYARD
• WAREHOUSE
• ACROPOLIS
• DRAINAGE SYSTEM
• LOWER TOWN

BACK TO
EARLIEST CITIES
 DOCKYARD
Lothal has a massive dockyard
which has helped to make this
place so important to
international archaeology.
Spanning an area 37 meters
from east to west and nearly
22 meters from north to south.
It was excavated besides the
river Sabarmati river. through
which Ships could have
entered into the northern end
of the dock through an inlet
channel connected to
Sabarmati river.
 WAREHOUSE
A long wharf found by
archaeologist was
connected the dockyard
to the main warehouse,
which was located on a
plinth about 3.5 meters
above the ground. The
first concern of the
Harappan engineers
might have been to
ensure against floods
and tides, which may
have been their undoing
at Mohenjo-daro and
Harappa
 ARCOPOLIS
Near the warehouse,
on a high plinth,
archaeologists have
also found the upper
town or acropolis
which spans 128 by
61 meters and has
extensive drainage
systems.
 DRAINAGE SYSTEM
Drains in the houses were
connected to the drains in
streets and smaller drains
which led into the bigger
ones. Some holes were
there to clean the drains .
Each drain had a gentle
slopes so that water could
flow through it.
 LOWER TOWN
From the plinth of the acropolis,
there is a short distance to
the lower town. The lower
town contains a commercial
and residential area. The
arterial streets running from
north to south were flanked
by shops, merchant dwellings
and artisan's workshops.
Streets running from east to
west led to the residential
areas with lanes allowing
access to individual dwellings
 MOHENJO-DARO
Mohenjo- Daro was an ancient
Indus Valley Civilization city
that flourished between 2600
and 1900 BCE. It was one of
the first world and ancient
Indian cities. The site was
discovered in the 1920s and
lies in Pakistan's Sindh
province. Only a handful of
archaeologists have
excavated in Mohenjo-daro.In
Mohenjo- Daro there is
Buddhist stupa. View from
stupa of great bath is very
clear. There is also an ancient
well, street drain. In Mohenjo-
Daro archaeologist have find
seal and pieces of cotton.

BACK TO
EARLIEST CITIES
 HOW WE GOT TO KNOW ABOUT I.V.C
When the railway lines were
being laid for the first time
in Punjab engineers
stumbled upon the site of
Harappa to them it looked
like a mound so they took
high quality bricks. After
80 years archaeologists
found the site and realized
that it was one of the
oldest cities in the sub-
continent
 LIFE IN THE CITY FOR PEOPLE
It was a busy life for the
people. Some planned
cities and special buildings.
There were probably rulers
who sent people to distant
places to get metal,
precious stones etc. others
who know to write helped in
preparing seals. Besides
there were me and women
who were craft persons.
 CRAFT IN THE CITY

• Stone weights- these were

made up of chert . Chert is a
kind of stone. These were
used to weigh things
• Seals – used to seal goods
and things
• Faience- a material that is
artificially made to make beads
bangles etc.
• Terracotta toys
 DISCOVERY OF COTTON
Cotton was grown at
Mehrgarh from
about 700 years
ago .pieces of
cotton was found
by archaeologists
attached to a vase
and a spindle
whorls.
 PRECIOUS STONES
 Harappans brought-
 Copper from Rajasthan
 Tin from Afghanistan and Iran
 Gold from Karnataka
 Precious Stones from Gujarat,
Iran and Afghanistan
 DESTRUCTION OF IVC

Earliest cities were

destroyed due to
periodic floods,
epidemics, other
natural calamities like
earthquake etc,
deforestation. Some
scholars think that a
serious of invasion by
central Asians tribe
caused the end.
MY EXPERIENCE IN LOTHAL
I, Divya Shah went to lothal-an
earliest city , for first time. I saw
dockyard, lower town, drainage
system, museum and houses on
upper town. I went with my
parents and brother. We had a
great experience over there. We
meet to an archaeologist who
told us about how they find
earliest cities inside the earth by
using a magnet. We also meet
with a worker . He gave us
information about how his uncle
–the owner of the land got to
know about the city inside his
land .