Direct Current Motor

Characteristics and Applications

Straight Shunt Motor
Essentially a constant speed motor

Compound or Stabilized Shunt Motors

Has both shunt and series field windings
Series field generates mmf in the same
direction as the shunt field mmf.
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Circuit Diagram of a Compound Motor

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Differential Connection of Fields

Both the series and shunt fields must
provide fluxes that are additive.
If the series field is reversed with respect
to the shunt field, the net flux decreases,
and the speed increases.
The time constant of the series field is
such that the current increases faster than
the shunt field current.
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Differential Connection of Fields

If the series field is reversed,
The motor will start in the wrong direction
Depending upon the load and the structure of
the series field, the motor could
slow down and stop, tripping the breaker
slow down, stop, reverse direction, and accelerate
slow down, stop, reverse direction, slow down,
stop, reverse direction, etc. until a breaker trips
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Reversing the Direction of

Compound Motors
Reverse either the armature current or
reverse both the series and shunt fields.
If only one field is reversed, a differential
connection results!
The field mmfs will be reduced, resulting in
excessive speed!

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Reversing the Armature Current

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Using NEMA standard

terminal markings

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Series Motor
Series field
Heavy windings
Must conduct the armature current

Potentially dangerous problem if the shaft

load is removed!

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Field winding is in
series with the
armature

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More Details
When shaft load is removed, TD>Tload
Motor speed increases
cemf increases
armature current decreases
series field flux decreases

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Reversing the Direction

of a Series Motor
Reverse the current in the armatureinterpole-compensating branch
Reverse the current in the series field
windings

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Reversing the Armature Current

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Using NMEA standard

Terminal Markings

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Using NEMA standard

terminal markings
Reversing the series field

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Effect of Magnetic Saturation on

DC Motor Performance
Pole flux is not directly proportional to the applied
mmf due to magnetic saturation
Net mmf is made up of the following
components, as applicable
Fnet = Ff + Fs - Fd
Fnet = net mmf (A-t/pole)
Ff = shunt field mmf (NfIf)(A-t/pole)
Fs = series field mmf (NsIa)(A-t/pole)
Fd = equivalent demagnetizing mmf due to armature
reaction (A-t)/pole
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Effect of Magnetic Saturation on

DC Motor Performance
Note that Fd is not exactly proportional to
the armature current, but is assumed to
be.
If a compensating winding is used, Fd = 0.

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Developed Torque and Speed

TD B p I a k M
VT I a Racir
n
p kG

p 0

Racir Ra RIP RCW Rs

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Defining Parameters

Racir = resistance of armature circuit ()

Ra = resistance of armature windings ( )
RIP = resistance of interpole windings ()
RCW = resistance of compensating
windings ()
Rs = resistance of series field winding ()
Bp = air-gap flux density (T)
p = pole flux (Wb)
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Solve Problems with Proportions

TD1 [ B p I a ]1

TD 2 [ B p I a ]2
VT I a Racir

p kG

n1

n2 VT I a Racir

p G
p Bp A
n1 VT I a Racir

n2
B p

, 0

Bp

I
R
T a acir
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Example 11.1
A 240-V, 40-hp, 1150 r/min stabilizedshunt motor, operating at rated conditions,
has an efficiency at rated load of 90.2%.
The motor parameters are
Ra = 0.0680
RIP = 0.0198
Rs = 0.00911
Rshunt = 99.5

Turns/pole series - shunt - 1231

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Example 11.1 (continued)

The circuit diagram and magnetization
curve are shown on the next slide.
Determine (a) the armature current when
operating at rated conditions; (b) the
resistance and power rating of an external
resistance required in series with the shunt
field in order to operate at 125% rated
speed. Assume the shaft load is adjusted
to a value that limits armature current to
115% of rated current.
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ECE 441

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Solution for Armature Current

P
40 746
P VT IT IT

VT 0.902 240
IT 137.84 A
VT
240
If

2.4121A
R f 99.5
I a IT I f 137.84 2.41 135.43 A

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Solution for External Resistance

The series field of a compound motor is
designed to be approximately equal and
opposite to the equivalent demagnetizing
mmf of armature reaction. Therefore, the
net flux is due to the shunt field alone.
Fnet Ff N f I f 1231 2.412 2969.2 A t / pole

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net mmf = 0.70 T

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Racir Ra RIP Rs
Racir 0.0680 0.0198 0.0091 0.0969
Bp

n1 VT I a Racir

n2
B p
V

I
R
T
a acir
1
n1 [VT I a Racir ]2
B p 2 B p1
n2 [VT I a Racir ]1
Bp 2
Bp 2

1150
240 1.15 135.43 0.0969
0.70

1.25 1150
240 135.43 0.0969
0.56T
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Ff = 2.3 X 1000 = 2300 A-t/pole

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Ff

2300
Ff N f I f I f

N f 1231
I f 1.87 A
VT
VT
If
Rx
Rf
R f Rx
Rf
240
Rx
99.5 28.8
187
PRx I 2f Rx (1.87) 2 28.8 100.7W

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Linear Approximations
If the magnetization curve is not available
rough approximation obtained by assuming
magnetization effects are negligible
Do not use approximations if the motor is
operating under heavy overload or locked
rotor conditions.

If the net mmf is to be reduced below its

rated value, approximation using the linear
assumption is OK.
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Approximate Equations for

Torque and Speed
[Fnet I a ]1
TD1 [ B p I a ]1

TD 2 [ B p I a ]2
[Fnet I a ]2
n1 VT I a Racir

n2
B p
n1 VT I a Racir

n2
Fnet

Bp

VT I a Racir

Fnet

VT I a Racir

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, 0
2

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For the Series Motor

If the range of operation is in the unsaturated
region, and armature reaction effects are
either negligible or compensated for,

TD1 [Fnet I a ]1

TD , series Fnet I a N s I a
TD 2 [Fnet I a ]2
TD , series I a2
The developed torque is proportional to the
square of the armature current.
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Example 11.2
Example 11.1 is re-solved using the linear
approximation, and the solution is
compared to the results obtained in
Example 11.1.

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VT
240
I f1

2.412 A
R f 99.5
I a1 IT I f 137.84 2.412 135.43 A
Fnet Ff N f I f 1231 2.412 2969.2 A t / pole
Fnet
n1 VT I a Racir

n2
Fnet 1 VT I a Racir

n1 [VT I a Racir ]2
Fnet 2 Fnet1
n2 [VT I a Racir ]1
Fnet 2
Fnet 2

1150
240 1.15 135.43 0.0969
2969.2

1.25 1150
240 135.43 0.0969
2354.8 A t / pole
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Fnet 2354.8
If

1.91A
Nf
1231
VT
VT
If
Rx
Rf
R f Rx
If
240
Rx
99.5 26.15
1.91
From Example 11.1, the value of resistance was
determined to be 28.8

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Calculate the Percent Error

%error

Ractual Rapprox
Ractual

100%

28.8 26.15
%error
100%
28.8
%error 9.2%
This lower value of resistance would cause
a slightly higher field current, and therefore,
a speed slightly lower than 1437.5 r/min.
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Comparison of Steady State

Operating Characteristics of DC Motors
The steady-state operating characteristics
of typical shunt, compound, and series
motors of the same torque and speed
ratings are shown on the next slide.

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ECE 441

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Comparisons (continued)
Shunt Motor
relatively constant speed from no-load to
full-load
does not have high starting torque
essentially constant flux
torque varies linearly with armature current
speed regulation around 5%

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Relatively
Constant Speed

Linear Torque

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Comparisons (continued)
Compound Motor
Higher torque, lower speed than shunt motor
speed regulation between 15 and 25%
used with loads requiring high starting torques
or have pulsating loads
smoothes out the energy required by the pulsating
load, lowering the demand on the electrical supply

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Lower Speed at
Higher Torque

Higher Torque
above base speed
than Shunt motor
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Comparisons (continued)
Series Motor
high starting torque
wide speed range
REMOVING THE LOAD CAUSES IT TO RUN
AWAY!
CONNECT LOAD BY GEARS OR SOLID
COUPLING NO BELT DRIVES!

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Wide Speed Range

High Starting Torque

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Dynamic Braking, Plugging,

and Jogging

Dynamic Braking is the deceleration of the

motor by converting the energy stored in
the moving masses into electrical energy
and dissipating it as heat via resistors.
Also called resistive braking.

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Dynamic Braking (continued)

Disconnect the armature from the
electrical supply lines and connect across
a suitable resistor while maintaining the
field at full strength.
The motor behaves as a generator,
feeding current to the resistor, dissipating
heat.

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Dynamic Braking (continued)

Choose the resistance for current between
150 and 300% of rated current.
The armature current is in a direction to
oppose the armature motion, producing a
negative, or, counter-torque, slowing down
the load.

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Compound Motor Example

Normal Operation

Dynamic Braking

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Normal Operation
Closed

Open
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Dynamic - Braking
Open

Closed

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Regenerative Braking
Convert energy of overhauling loads into
electrical energy and pumps it back into
the electrical system.
The overhauling load drives a DC motor
faster than normal, causing the cemf to
become greater than the supply voltage
and results in generator action.
Trains, elevators, hybrid automobiles
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Plugging
The electrical reversal of a motor before it
stops
Reverse the voltage applied to the
armature
Current in the series and shunt fields is
not reversed
Insert resistance in series with the
armature to limit the current
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Normal Operation

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Plugging

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Jogging

Very brief application of power to a motor

Fraction of a revolution
Used for positioning the load
Place resistance in series with the
armature to limit the current

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Example 11.7
A 240-V, compensated shunt motor driving a 910
lb-ft torque load is running at 1150 r/min. The
efficiency of the motor at this load is 94.0%. The
combined armature, compensating winding, and
interpole resistance is 0.00707, and the
resistance of the shunt field is 52.6. Determine
the resistance of a dynamic-braking resistor that
will be capable of developing 500 lb-ft of braking
torque at a speed of 1000 r/min. Assume
windage and friction at 1000r/min are essentially
the same as at 1150 r/min.
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Circuit for Dynamic Braking

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T n 910 1150
Pshaft

199.257 hp
5252
5252
Pshaft 199.257 746
Pin

158134W

0.940
158134
Pin VT IT IT
658.89 A
240
VT
240
If

4.56 A
R f 52.6
I a IT I f 658.89 4.56 654.33 A
VT Ea1 I a1 Racir Ea1 240 654.33 0.00707
Ea1 235.37V
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I T
T1 [ B p I a ]1 I a1

I a 2 a1 2
T2 [ B p I a ]2 I a 2
T1
654.33 500
Ia2
359.52 A
910
Ea1 [n p kG ]1
n1
n2

Ea 2 Ea1
Ea 2 [n p kG ]2
n2
n1
1000
Ea 2
235.37 204.67V
1150
Ea 2 I a 2 ( Racir RDB ) RDB
RDB
RDB

Ea 2 I a 2 Racir

Ia2

204.67 359.52 0.00707

0.562
359.52
0.562
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