Mechanical Pumps

Azeem Nabi
Research Officer
Lectuer 3,4
Department of Physics
University of Gujrat

Pumps
A

pump is a device used to

move fluids

liquids
gases
slurries

Classification of Pumps
Pumps

can be classified into

three major groups according to
the method they use to move the
fluid:

Direct

lift
Displacement
Gravity pumps

Direct lift Pumps

Buckets
Continuous

Rope and
Washer Pumps
Persian wheels and
scoop wheels

Mechanical Pumps
In

mechanical pumps, the gas

present in a vacuum system is
transferred from a low pressure to
a higher pressure region. In order
to be efficient, the pump has to
provide simultaneously a finite
pumping speed and compression.
To carry out this double task two
main mechanisms have been used
up to now

Mechanical Pumps and

Types
Isolation

and
subsequent
compression of a gas volume
defining a first category often named
Positive-displacement pumps
Transfer to the gas molecules of a
preferential
velocity
direction
introducing a mean drift of the gas
towards the high pressure region.
This category is known as:
Momentum transfer pumps

Mechanical Pumps
Oil

Sealed Mechanical Pumps

Root Pumps
Liquid Pumps

What is Vacuum?
A

pressure difference

Think of a box divided into two equal

parts by a flexible balloon.

What is Vacuum?
If

each side of the box contains the same

number of air molecules, the pressure will be
the same on each side, and the pressure
difference between the two sides will be
zero.
There will be no differential force to move
the balloon, and it will not be stretched.

What is Vacuum?
If

we take of the air molecules out of one

side of the box, the pressure in that side will
be less than the pressure on the other side.
The full side will have a positive pressure relative to
the full side.
The full side will have a partial vacuum, or lower
pressure, relative to the full side.

Vacuum

negative
pressure

positive
pressure

Oil Sealed Mechanical Pumps

Rotary-Vane
Piston

Pump

Pump

Rotary-Vane Pump
Oil

Sealed Rotary Vane Pumps

Oil

sealed rotary vane pumps were first

developed in the early 1900s

Today,

the two commonly used oil sealed

pumps are rotary vane and rotary piston
pumps

Oil

sealed rotary vane often used for low inlet

pressures and light gas loads

Types Rotary-vane pump

Rotary-vane

pump (single stage)

Rotary-vane pump (double stage)
Video (Single stage)
Video (Double Stage)

Basic OSRV Schematic

Video (Single stage)

The Pumping Cycle

Video (Single stage)

Belt driven - direct-driven

Belt

driven rotary vane pumps

typically operate at about 400 to
600 RPM, while the

direct-drive

models spin at 1500

to 1725 RPM.

Functions of Oil
The oil in an oil sealed pump
serves three important functions:
A) providing a vacuum seal at the
pump exhaust
B) as a lubricant
C) provides cooling for the pump.

Single versus Dual Stage Pumps

A

single stage pump has one rotor and

2
10
one set of vanes ( approx.
mbar)
Lower cost where strong ultimate
vacuum is not required
A dual stage pump is simply two single
stage pumps in series
3
(approx.10 mbar)
Higher compression ratio gives better
ultimate vacuum

Piston Pump
Oil

sealed rotary piston pumps are

often large and are most often
found in high gas load, high inlet
pressure industrial applications

Working
Rotary

piston (or rotary

plunger) mechanical pumps
like that to the left also
operate on the principle of
positive displacement of gas.
On each cycle the rotating
eccentric piston and the
sliding valve work together to
suck gas into the stator,
compress it, and expel the
gas to atmosphere. As with
rotary vane pumps, rotary
piston type pumps may be
single stage or compound.
Rotational speed is typically
600 to 800 RPM.

Vedio

Disadvantages of Oil Sealed

Mechanical Pumps
Interaction

of the pumped gases, often aggressive in

the case of the semiconductor industry, degrades
the oil and necessitates frequent oil changes even in
the case of the expensive fluorinated oils. This
results in excessively high maintenance costs for oil
pumps exposed to aggressive chemicals.

Oil

vapor present in the fore line pipe when the

pump operates close to its ultimate pressure can
contaminate sensitive equipment to which the pump
is connected. Even worse, if the pump stops under
uncontrolled conditions this can lead, if the internal
safety valves of the pump do not operate, to an
important oil migration towards the vacuum system.

Root Pumps
Roots

pumps are a class of dry

pumps used without any oil or
lubricating fluid.

Construction
The

Roots Pump consists of two

double-lobe impellers (R1, R2)
which are rotated in opposite
directions
within
the
pump
housing. There are also intake
and exhaust outlets. For higher
pressure duty, three-lobe rotors
Construction of a two-lobed cycloidal
sometimes
used.
rotor. are
The red
curve is a hypocycloid
and the blue curve is an epicycloid.
The smaller generating circles (red
and blue) are one quarter the
diameter of the larger generating
circle (black). The rotor profile is the
thick line.

Video (Roots Pump)

The impellers have identical cross sections and are dimensioned

and arranged so that a large enough part of the surface of R1 is a
close fit to a part of the surface of R2 through the rotation. The
impellers are also a close fit inside the pump housing H. The
rotating impellers do not however, touch one another, or touch the
housing, but there is a small clearance (about .05 - .25mm).

Applications
Semiconductor

technology; in
etching processes and in use with
dry compressing vacuum pumps.
Backing a turbomolecular pump
Laser Systems; continuous
circulation of the gas in order to
remove heat from a closed cycle
in which pressure differentials
must be maintained

Liquid Pumps
Fluid

Pump or Hydraulic Pump is a

machine which transfers the
energy from its moving parts to
the fluid passing through the
machine.

Diaphragm

Pump
Centrifuge Pumps
Gear Pump

Diaphragm piston pumps

Video (Diaphragm Pump)

Diaphragm Displacement Pump

Video

(Diaphragm
Displacement
pump)

CENTRIFUGAL PUMPS

Typical single suction

impeller

Centrifugal Pumps

Single suction impeller

Centrifugal Pumps

Impeller Types
Open
Semi-open
Closed
- Single suction
- Double suction
Non-clogging
Axial flow
Mixed flow
Centrifugal Pumps

Impeller
Arrows represent the
direction of water flow

Discharge
Nozzle

Cutwater
Suction Eye

Video (Centrifugal Pump)

Full Diameter Impeller

Vs

V
Rotation

Vt

Vr = Radial Velocity
Vt = Tangential Velocity
Impeller

Vs = Vector Sum Velocity

Blades
Centrifugal Pumps

Cavitation
Cavitation

occurs as gas bubbles expand in a

vacuum and implode when entering a
pressurized area.

 Volumetric

efficiency is the relationship

between actual and theoretical fluid flow of
the pump.

Basic Operational Steps

All

positive-displacement pumps
follow the same basic operational
steps to create fluid flow.

Gear Pump
A

gear pump consists of

various types of meshing
gears.

External Gear Pump

Lobe
Internal
Gerotor

External Gear Pump

An

external gear pump consists of meshing

gears that form a seal with the pump housing
and operates similar to the four basic steps of a
positive-displacement pump.

Working

Lobe Pump
A

lobe pump has two external-driven gears and

operates similar to an external gear pump.

Working

Internal Gear
An

internal gear pump consists of a small

external drive gear mounted inside a large
internal gear.

Working

Gerotor
Pump
Gerotor

pump
operation is similar
to internal gear
pump operation,
with the inner rotor
having one less
gear tooth than the
outer rotor.

Thanks

Thanks