INCLUSIVE GROWTH IN

INDIA
REFORMS AND
PERSPECTIVES IN HIGHER
EDUCATION
Growth of Higher Education in
India

200
7
 Types Of Institutions:
• Central Universities 20

• State Universities 222

• Deemed Universities 109

• Autonomous Colleges 249

 Initiative from the
Governing end
Sectors for Grant Allocated Percentage
investment
General Development Rs. 839.35 crores 66.10%
of Universities and
Colleges
Enhancing Access and Rs. 84.24 crores 6.63%
Equity
Promotion of Relevant Rs. 87.66 crores 6.90%
Education
Promotion of Quality Rs. 148.90 crores 11.73%
and Excellence
Strengthening of Rs. 109.65 crores 8.64%
Research
Non Plan Budget Rs. 1460.70 crores --
 Total Government Expenditure
(Capital and Recurrent), 2006/2007

Source: Finance section , Ministry of Education &

Human Resources
 Expenditure on Education
and GDP
Year Gross Domestic Expenditure on Expenditure
Product (GDP) Education on Education
(Rs. In crore) (Rs. In crore) as % of GDP

2004-05 2855933 96694.10 3.39%

2005-06 3250932 116252.47(RE) 3.58%

2006-07 3717465
RE = Revised Estimates. 132749.28(BE)
BE = Budget Estimates. 3.57%

Source: Minister of State for Human Resource

 Adult Literacy Rates in some
developing countries:

Country Adult Literacy

Rate
China 90.9
India 61.3
Nepal 44.0
Pakistan 41.5
Sri lanka 92.1
Bangladesh 41.1

Adult literacy rate is for the age group 15 years and above.
Gross Enrollment Ratios:

Source: Government Finance Sources

 Other Major Perspectives:

• Education contributing to about 4%

GDP
• Outsourcing of Indian Knowledge
Worker
• Foreign Indian students with a bee
line on Indian education
 Shift in Process
Yesterday Today & Tomorrow

Departments Processes

Vertical Horizontal

Some are professional All are professional

Delivery Value Created

Partnerships Networks
 Focus of Ninth Plan
• Quality improvement
• Modernization of syllabi
• Renewal of infrastructure
• Issues of access and relevance
• Greater autonomy to deserving
colleges
• Open University system
 New Initiatives in Tenth
Plan:
• One syllabus for all universities
• Distance Learning
• E- education
• Tailored and flexible programmes
• Open University Network
• Cost Effectiveness and Pertinence
• Creating new universitites out of big varsities
• Internationalisation of education
 Implementing ICT at the
Campus:
Campus Network
(often local) connection

Institution Back to The Global Campus

decides Basics

Learner
Stretching The New
decides
the Mold Economy
 Further Reforms:

• Need to raise public funding

• Need to evolve EMIS
• Internationalization of higher
education
• Cost recovery and privatization
Union HRD minister Arjun Singh described India’s
higher education system as

“The sick child of Indian education."

Still A Lot To Be
Done
Thank You