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Chapter 1
Chemistry:
Methods and Measurement
Denniston
Topping
Caret
5th Edition
Chemistry:
the study of matter
its chemical and physical properties
the chemical and physical changes it
undergoes
the energy changes that accompany
those processes
Energy - the ability to do work to
accomplish some change
pharmaceutical industry
CHEMISTRY
food science
medical practitioners
forensic sciences
Models in Chemistry
To aid in understanding of
a chemical unit or system
a model is often used
good models are based on
everyday experience
model
color code balls
sticks show attractive forces
holding atoms together
(a) Solid
(b) Liquid
(c) Gas
products
Classification of Matter
Classification of Matter
Classification of Matter
Classes of Matter
1.3 Measurement in
Chemistry
1.3 Measurement in
Chemistry
gram
meter
liter
g
m
L
1.3 Measurement in
Chemistry
1.3 Measurement in
Chemistry
UNIT CONVERSION
You must be able to convert between
units
- within the metric system
- between the English system and metric system
1.3 Measurement in
Chemistry
12 donuts
1
1 dozen
1.3 Measurement in
Chemistry
12 donuts
1
1 dozen
This fraction is called a unit factor
What does any number times one equal?
That number
Multiplication by a unit factor does not change
the amount only the unit
1.3 Measurement in
Chemistry
1.3 Measurement in
Chemistry
= 42 donuts
1.3 Measurement in
Chemistry
1.3 Measurement in
Chemistry
1.3 Measurement in
Chemistry
Scientific Notation
Used to express very large or very small
numbers easily and with the correct number
of significant figures
Represents a number as a power of ten
Example:
4,300 = 4.3 x 1,000 = 4.3 x 103
= 5.340 x 104
Types of Uncertainty
Error - the difference
between the true value
and our estimation
Random
Systematic
Precision - a measure
of the agreement of
replicate measurements
liters
liters
liters
liters
2
.
9688692
10
(on calculator)
4
2.255 10
The milliliter
(mL) and the
cubic centimeter
(cm3) are
equivalent
Time
- metric unit is the second
F - 32
C
1.8
F 1.8 ( C) 32
o
1. Convert 75oC to oF
2. Convert -10oF to oC
1. Ans. 167 oF
2. Ans. -23oC
Energy
Energy - the ability to do work
kinetic energy - the energy of motion
potential energy - the energy of position
(stored energy)
light
heat
electrical
mechanical
chemical
Characteristics of Energy
Energy cannot be created or destroyed
Energy may be converted from one form to
another
Energy conversion always occurs with less
than 100% efficiency
All chemical reactions involve either a
gain or loss of energy
Units of Energy
Basic Units:
calorie or joule
1 calorie (cal) = 4.184 joules (J)
Concentration
Concentration:
the number of particles of a substance
the mass of those particles
that are contained in a specified volume
m
d
cork
water
brass nut
liquid mercury
m
d
Specific Gravity
Values of density are often related to a standard
Specific gravity - the ratio of the density of the object in
question to the density of pure water at 4oC
Specific gravity is a unitless term because the 2 units
cancel
Often the health industry uses specific gravity to test urine
and blood samples