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Chapter 12

Three Phase Circuits


Chapter Objectives:

Be familiar with different three-phase configurations and how

to analyze them.

Know the difference between balanced and unbalanced circuits


Learn about power in a balanced three-phase system
Know how to analyze unbalanced three-phase systems
Be able to use PSpice to analyze three-phase circuits
Apply what is learnt to three-phase measurement and
residential wiring
Huseyin Bilgekul
Eeng224 Circuit Theory II
Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering
Eastern Mediterranean University

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Power in a Balanced System


The total instantaneous power in a balanced three phase system is constant.
v AN 2V p cos(t ) vBN 2V p cos(t 120)
vCN 2V p cos(t 120)
ia 2 I p cos(t ) ib 2 I p cos(t 120)
ic 2 I p cos(t 120)
p pa pb pc v AN ia vBN ib vCN ic
cos(t ) cos(t ) cos(t 120) cos(t 120)
p 2V p I p

cos(

120

)
co
s(

120

1
cos A cos B [cos( A B ) cos( A B)]
2
Using the above identity and simplifying, =2 t- we obtain that:

p V p I p 3cos cos 2 cos 3V p I p cos


2

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Power in a Balanced System

The important consequences of the instantenous power equation of a balanced three


phase system are:

p 3V p I p cos

The instantenous power is not function of time.


The total power behaves similar to DC power.
This result is true whether the load is Y or connected.
The AVERAGE POWER per phase is obtained as Pp p .
3
Pp p

V p I p cos
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Power in a Balanced System


The complex power per phase is Sp. The total complex power for all phases is S.

p 3V p I p cos

(Total Instantenous Power)

1
Pp = p V p I p cos (Average Power per phase)
3
1
Qp = p V p I p sin (Reactive Power per phase)
3
S p Vp I p
(Apparent Power per phase)
Sp Pp jQp Vp I p

Complex power for each phase

V p and I p refer to magnitude values whereas


Vp and I p refer to phasor values (Both magnitude and phase)
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Power in a Balanced System


The complex power per phase is Sp. The total complex power for all phases is S.

Sp Pp jQp Vp I p
S=P jQ 3Sp 3Vp I p

Complex power for each phase

Total Complex power for three phase

P Pa Pb Pc 3Pp 3V p I p cos 3VL I L cos


Q Qa Qb Qc 3Q p 3V p I p sin 3VL I L sin
S=3Sp 3Vp I p 3I p 2 Z p
S P jQ 3VL I L

3Vp 2
Zp

Total complex power

Total complex power using line values

Vp , I p ,VL and I L are all rms values, is the load impedance angle
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Power in a Balanced System


S=3Sp 3Vp I p 3I p 2 Z p

3Vp 2
Zp

Toal complex power

S P jQ 3VL I L
Vp , I p ,VL and I L are all rms values, is the load impedance angle
Notice the values of Vp, VL, Ip, IL for different load connections.

VL 3 V p

VL V p

IL I p

IL 3 I p
Ip

Vp
Ip
VL

Vp

VL

VL
Vp

VL

VL

Ip

Y connected load.

Ip

Ip

Vp
Ip

Vp

VL

Vp

connected load.

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Power in a Balanced System

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Single versus Three phase systems


Three phase systems uses lesser amount of wire than single phase systems for the
same line voltage VL and same power delivered.

a) Single phase system

b) Three phase system

Wire Material for Single phase 2( r 2l ) 2r 2 2

'2 (2) 1.33


'2
Wire Material for Three phase 3( r l ) 3r
3
If same power loss is tolerated in both system, three-phase system use
only 75% of materials of a single-phase system
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VL=840 V (Rms)

IL
Capacitors for pf
Correction

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IL

S
73650

50.68A
3 VL
3 840

Without Pf Correction

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Unbalanced Three Phase Systems


An unbalanced system is due to unbalanced voltage sources or unbalanced load.
In a unbalanced system the neutral current is NOT zero.

Unbalanced three phase Y connected load.


Line currents DO NOT add up to zero.
In= -(Ia+ Ib+ Ic) 0

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Three Phase Power Measurement


Two-meter method for measuring three-phase power

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Residential Wiring

Single phase three-wire residential wiring

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