PEMBUGARAN :

Sorotan Literatur ,
Penulisan rujukan dan bibliografi

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Sorotan Literatur

membantu penyelidik memahami kajian.

tunjukkan bahawa pengkaji lain memang menganggap kajian ini
penting.
menunjukkan bahawa pengkaji telah mengkaji dengan
mendalam tentang dokumen-dokumen yang telah diterbitkan
mengenai isu yang dikaji.

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mestilah berciri dan berlandaskan objektif dan persoalan

kajian atau hipotesis kajian.

sudah boleh menjawab persoalan kajian hasil kajian-kajian

lepas. Cuma kajian baharu ini dengan populasi dan kaedah
yang berbeza.

Perlu bincang konsep utama, pemboleh ubah yang dikaji,

teori dan model yang berkaitan

Rujuk dapatan utama, jurang dan isu yang dikaji secara

menyeluruh.

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tidak pernah berakhir, kerana setiap kali terjumpa

dapatan baru, maka sorotan literatur mengenainya perlu
ditambah.

Pastikan bahawa a literature review is NOT a

summary tetapi ianya adalah critical analysis of the
relevant literature.

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American Psychological Association(APA)

Pertubuhan terbesar yang mewaklil ahli psikologi di USA ;

130,000 penyelidik, pensyarah, penasihat, pelajar dsb.

Satu format penulisan akademik yang memberi panduan

kepada penulis berkaitan pelbagai bentuk penulisan untuk
diterbitkan oleh APA.
Digunakan secara meluas ; buku teks, jurnal, majalah, dsb.

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RUJUKAN DAN BIBLIOGRAFI

Rujukan adalah semua bahan yang kita berikan petikan
(citation) di dalam teks laporan kita.
bibiliografi adalah SEMUA bahan yang kita rujuk dan TIDAK
semestinya disenaraikan dalam laporan/teks kita.
Pastikan rujukan mengikut format yang ditetapkan
Semak kaedah penulisan nama penulis, mesti konsisten, nama
persidangan, jurnal dll
Rujukan mestilah terkini (lima (5) tahun) melainkan rujukan
klasik dalam bidang berkaitan
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BUKU
Material Type
Book: Single
author

In-Text Citation
Pegrum (2009) xxxxx
xxxx (Pegrum, 2009).

Book: Two authors

ODonoghue & Clarke (2010)

xxxx
xxxxx (ODonoghue & Clarke,
2010) .

Book: 3-5 authors

Ranzijn et al. (2009) xxxxx

xxxx (Ranzijn et al., 2009)

Book: Single
author

Abdul Rahim (2007) xxxxx

xxxxx (Abdul Rahim, 2007).

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Reference List & Notes

Pegrum, M. (2009).From blogs to bombs: The
future of electronic technologies in
education. Crawley, W.A: UWA Publishing.
ODonoghue, T., & Clarke, S. (2010).Leading
learning: Process, themes andissues in
international contexts. London: Routledge.

Ranzijn, R., McConnochie, K., & Nolan, W.

(2009). Psychology and indigenous
Australians: Foundations of cultural
competence. South Yarra, Vic: Palgrave
MacMillan.
Abdul Rahim B. Hamdan (2007). Pengajian
Kurikulum. Skudai: Universiti Teknologi
Malaysia.
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Material Type

In-Text Citation

Book: Different
editions

xxxx (Howitt &

Cramer, 2008).

Book: No author

The Australian Oxford

dictionary (1999)
xxxx

Reference List & Notes

Howitt, D., & Cramer, D. (2008).Introduction to
research methods in psychology(2nd ed.).
Harlow, England: FT Prentice Hall.

The Australian Oxford dictionary(3rd ed.).

(1999).Melbourne: Oxford University
Press.

Book: Editor

Hallinan (2006) xxx

Hallinan, M. T. (Ed.). (2006).Handbook of the

sociology of education. New York: Springer.

Book: 2 or more
editors

xxx (Dawson &

Venville, 2007).

Dawson, V., & Venville, G. (Eds.). (2007). The art

of teaching primary science.Crows Nest,
N.S.W: Allen & Unwin.

Book: Organisation as
Author

xxxxx (Australian
Bureau of Statistics,
2000)

Australian Bureau of Statistics.

(2000).Population by age and sex, New
South Wales, 30 June 2000(ABS Cat. no.
3235.1). Canberra, Australian Capital
Territory: Author.
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Material Type

In-Text Citation

Reference List & Notes

eBook: Entire book

Chisum (2006) xxxxx

Chisum, W. J. (2006).Crime
reconstruction[Adobe Digital Editions].
Retrieved (date) from Ebook Library.

eBook: Chapter

xxxx (Mitchell, 1913).

Mitchell, H. W. (1913). Alcoholism and the

alcoholic psychoses. In W. A. White& S.
E. Jelliffe (Eds.),The modern treatment
of nervous and mental diseases(Vol.1,
pp. 287-330). Retrieved (date) from
PsycBOOKS.

Book: Different works

by same author in
same year

Distinguish the works by

placing a b c, etc after
the publication date
(Glenn & Johnson, 1964a)
(Glenn & Johnson, 1964b)

Glenn, W. H., & Johnson, D. A.

(1964a).Calculating devices.
London: JohnMurray.
Glenn, W. H., & Johnson, D. A.
(1964b).Graphs London: Murray.

Reference book: Entry

Keyormarsi et al., 2007)

Keyormarsi, K., OLeary, N., & Pardee, A. B.

(2007). Cell division. In McGrawHillencyclopedia of science & technology (9th
ed., Vol. 3, pp. 618-621).New York:
McGraw-Hill.

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JURNAL
Material Type
Journal article in
print:8 or more
authors

In-Text
Citation
xxxx (Sohrabi et
al., 2011).

Journal article
xxxx (Almeida et
online
al., 2010).
: Digital Object Iden
tifier
supplied

Journal article
online: No DOI
supplied (Pheme
authentication
required)

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Anderson & Reid,

(2009) xxxxx

Reference List & Notes

Sohrabi, H. R., Weinborn, M., Badcock, J. Bates, K.
A., Clarnette,R., Trivedi, D., Verdile, G., Sutton,
T., Lenzo, N. P., Gandy, S. E., Martins, R. N.
(2011). New lexicon and criteria for the
diagnosis of Alzheimers disease.Lancet
Neurology,10(4), 299-300.
Almeida, R. A., Dickinson, J., Maybery, M. T.,
Badcock, J. C., & Badcock, D. R. (2010).Visual
search performance in the autism spectrum II:
The radial frequencysearch task with
additional segmentation
cues. Neuropsychologia,48(14), 41174124.Retrived (date).
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2
010.10.009
Anderson,
M., & Reid, C. (2009). Dont forget about
levels of explanation.Cortex: AJournal
Devoted to the Study of the Nervous System
andBehavior,45(4), 560-561. Retrieved (date
)from ScienceDirect.
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Material
Type

In-Text Citation

Journal article
online:
Advance publica
tion

xxx (Starrfelt &

Behrmann, 2011).

Journal article
online: No DOI
supplied (free
on the Web)

xxxx (Thomas & Bosch,

2005).

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Reference List & Notes

Starrfelt, R., & Behrmann, M. (2011). Number
reading in pure alexia A
review. Neuropsychologia. In
press, Uncorrected proof.
Retrived (date)
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.
2011.04.028
Thomas, K., & Bosch, B. (2005). An exploration
of the impact of chronic fatigue
syndrome and implications for
psychological service provision. EJournalofApplied Psychology: Clinical
Section,1(1), 23-40. Retrieved (date )
from
http://ojs.lib.swin.edu.au/index.php/ejap/
article/download/4/13
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SURAT KHABAR
Material Type

In-Text Citation

Reference List & Notes

Newspaper article in
print

xxxx (Hatch, 2006).

Hatch, B. (2006, July 13). Smoke lingers for

those who keep hospitality flowing.
Australian Financial Review, p. 14.
Comstock drill plans reined in. (2009, January
9).Upstream: The International Oil and
Gas Newspaper,p. 20.
Hilts, P.J. (1999, February 16). In forecasting
their emotions, most people
flunk out.The New York Times. Retrieved
(date) from http://www.nytimes.com
OLeary, C. (2006, June 29). Landmark study to
aid push for public smoking ban.The West
Australian, p. 14. Retrieved from Factiva.

Newspaper article: No
author
Newspaper article
online: freely available
on the web

Comstock drill plans,

(2009) xxxx
xxx (Hilts, 1999).

Newspaper article
online: Electronic
database

Xxx (OLeary, 2006).

Artikel dalam surat

khabar

Noor Mohamad Shakil

Hameed ( 2014 )

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Noor Mohamad Shakil Hameed ( 2014, Oktober

30). Kontrak Sosial dan Perlembagaan. Utusan
Malaysia, hlm. 12.

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PROSIDING
Material Type
Paper in
conference
proceedings in
print

Conference
papers:
Unpublished

In-Text Citation
xxxx (Game, 2001).

xxxxx (Santhanam,
et al., 2001)

Reference List & Notes

Game, A. (2001). Creative ways of being. In J.R.
Morss, N. Stephenson & J. F. H. Rappard
(Eds.),Theoretical issues in psychology:
Proceedings of the International Society for
Theoretical Psychology 1999 Conference (pp.
312). Sydney:
Springer.
Santhanam,
E., Martin,
K., Goody, A., & Hicks, O.

(2011).Bottom-up stepstowards closing the loop

in feedback on teaching: A CUTSD project.
Paperpresented at Teaching and Learning Forum

Government
reports

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xxxxx (Western
Australia.
Department of
Health Nursing and
Midwifery Office,
2013).

Expanding horizons in teaching and learning,

Perth,
Australia,
7-9 February
2001. Nursing and
Western
Australia.
Department
of Health
Midwifery Office. (2013). Aboriginal Nursing and
Midwifery Strategic Plan 2011-2015. Retrieved
(date)
from ttp://www.nursing.health.wa.gov.au/projects/
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TESIS
Material Type
Thesis in print:
Unpublished

Thesis in print:
Published
Thesis online:
Electronic
database
**

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In-Text
Citation
Lockhart (2009)
xxxx

xxxx (May, 2007).

(Rich, 1989)

Reference List & Notes

Lockhart, E. (2009).The physical education curriculum
choices of Western Australian primary school
teachers(Unpublished masters thesis).University
of Western Australia.
May, B. (2007)A survey of radial velocities in the
zodiacal dust cloud. Bristol,UK: Canopus Publishing.
Rich, P. D. (1989).The rule of ritual in the Arabian Gulf,
1858-1947: The influence of English public
schools(Doctoral dissertation). Retrieved (date)
from ProQuest Dissertations and Theses UK &
Ireland.

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Penulisan yang melibatkan lebih dari satu orang pengkaji

yang mengkaji tentang satu perkara yang sama.
Ini selari dengan beberapa kajian lepas (Burhanuddin,
2002; Lilia et al., 2006; Noraini, 2007; Amiza et al.,
2012) yang menyimpulkan bahawa .

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Sekian
Terima kasih

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