Presenting

the

Science
Presentation
PowerPoint

Topic

Defects of Human
Vision
and
their corrective
measures

By:
Sonali
Priyadarshini
Class X F
Roll no. 31

Contents
1. Human Eye Anatomy
2. Introduction
3. What is a Defective Eye?
4. Types of defects
5. Myopia : Cause and Correction
6. Hypermetropia : Cause and
Correction
7. Presbyopia : Cause and Correction
8. Astigmatism : Cause and
Correction
Thank You

Introduction

A person with normal eyes can, by

the virtue of accommodation, see
clearly all objects that are at a
distance greater than about 25cm
from the eye.
In other words, the far point of a
normal eye is at infinity and its near
point is at about 25cm from the eye.

What is a Defective eye?

If due to certain abnormalities the

eye is unable to accommodate itself
to the various distances, then the eye
is said to be defective
A defective eyes far point may be
closer to the eye (than infinity) or its
near point may be farther away from
the eye (farther than 25cm) .

Human Eye Anatomy

There are 4 types of defect

of the Eye

Astigmatis

(the cornea is not symmetrical and is shaped

MYOPIA
Myopia, also called Nearsightedness is common name for impaired vision
in which a person sees near objects clearly while distant objects appear
blurred.
In such a defective eye, the image of a distant object is formed in front of
the retina and not at the retina itself.
Consequently, a nearsighted person cannot focus clearly on an object farther
away than the far point for the defective eye.

Causes
This defect arises because the power of the eye is too great due to the
decrease in focal length of the crystalline lens. This may arise due to either
(i) excessive curvature of the cornea, or
(ii) elongation of the eyeball.

Correction
This defect can be corrected by using a concave (diverging) lens. A
concave lens of appropriate power or focal length is able to bring the
image of the object back on the retina itself.

HYPERMETROPIA
Hypermetropia, also called, Farsightedness common name for a defect in
vision in which a person sees near objects with blurred vision, while distant
objects appear in sharp focus.
In this case, the image is formed behind the retina.
Consequently, a farsighted person cannot focus clearly on an object nearer
than the near point for the defective eye.

Causes
This defect arises because either
(i) the focal length of the eye lens is too great, or
(ii) eyeball becomes too short, so that light rays from the nearby object, at
any point, cannot be brought to focus on the retina to give a distinct
image.

Correction
This defect can be corrected by using a convex (converging) lens of
appropriate focal length. When the object is at a distance, the eye exerts its
maximum power of accommodation. Eyeglasses with converging lenses
supply the additional focussing power required for forming the image on the
retina.

PRESBYOPIA
Presbyopia, progressive form of farsightedness that affects most people by
their early 40s.
The power of accommodation of the eye decreases with ageing.
Most people find that the near point gradually recedes.

Causes
It arises due to
The gradual weakening of the ciliary muscles ,and
Diminishing flexibility of the crystalline lens.

Correction
Simple reading eyeglasses with convex lenses correct most cases of
presbyopia.
Sometimes, a person may suffer from both myopia and hypermetropia. Such
people often require bi-focal lenses. In the bi-focal lens, the upper portion of
the bi-focal lens is a concave lens, used for distant vision. The lower part of
the bi-focal lens is a convex lens, used for reading purposes.

ASTIGMATISM
Astigmatism, a defect in the outer curvature on the surface of the eye that
causes distorted vision.
In astigmatism, a person cannot simultaneously focus on both horizontal and
vertical lines.

Causes
This defect is usually due to the cornea that is not perfectly spherical.
Consequently, it has different curvatures in different directions in vertical
and horizontal planes.
This results in objects in one direction being well-focussed, while those in a
perpendicular direction not well focussed.

Correction
This defect can be corrected by using eyeglasses with cylindrical lenses
oriented to compensate for the irregularities in the cornea.

Thank
You