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What are satellites?

Satellites are

physical objects
that orbit around
some celestial
body.

Can be by nature

(natural
satellite) or manmade (artificial).

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What are some areas where

satellites are applicable?
Communications
Military
Space exploration
Weather
forecasting

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Scientific research
Meteorology
Navigation
Search & Rescue

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Historical Satellites
Echo satellite (USA)
Early 1960
A passive satellite
A 100-ft mylarcoated balloon
Accomplished the
first transatlantic
transmission

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Historical Satellites

Telstar I & II (USA)

July 10, 1962 & 1963
An active satellite
(I) First to receive &
transmit
simultaneously
(telephone calls)
(II) First to transmit
live television images
between US and Europe
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Other Historical
Satellites
Syncom I (1963)
Syncom II (1963)
Syncom III
(1964)

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Intelsat 1 (Early
Bird-1965)
Molniya (USSR1966)

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System Architecture:
A. Space Segment
a. Payload receiving and transmitting
antennas
b. Platform
- subsystems that permit payload to
operate
Structure, power supply, altitude orbit
control, propulsion equipment and TTC
(tracking, telemetry and command ) equipment
B. Ground Segment
all the earth stations mostly connected to
end users equipment
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Classification of Satellites

According to the type of transmission

According to its angular velocity
According to altitude
According Path taken / Orbit
According to territorial coverage
According to the type of services offered
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According to transmission
type
Bus transmit control signal to and

from satellite
Payload Transmit user information
signal only

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According to angular
velocity
Prograde satellite angular velocity
is greater than that of the earth
Retrograde Satellite angular
velocity less than that of the earth
Synchronous Satellite angular
velocity equal to that of the earth

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 Usually non synchronous satellite can

take an elliptical or circular orbit
pattern.
If the satellite takes an elliptical orbit
pattern, the nearest point it makes
with the earth is called perigee
and the farthest distance it makes
with the earth is called an apogee.

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According to altitude
( height )
Low Earth Orbiting ( LEO )
Medium Earth Orbiting ( MEO )
High Altitude or Geostationary Earth
Orbiting ( GEO )

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Satellite orbital location

- LEO system
- 100-300 mi
- 17,500 mph
- 1.5 hours
- 15 min/orbit
- 1.0 to 2.5 GHz
Ex.

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Iridium Satellite
System

MEO system
6,000 12,000
mi
9,580 mph
5 to 12 hours
2 to 4 hours/orbit
1.2 to 1.66 GHz

Ex. GPS of US Defense

Department

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Satellite orbital location

-

GEO system
22,300 mi
6,879 mph
24 hours
24 hours/orbit
2 to 18 GHz

Arthur C. Clarke
Clarke orbit or

Clarke belt
Synchronous orbit

Ex. INTELSAT system

Agila II satellite
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The Geosynchronous
Satellite
Advantages

Disadvantages

- Simpler ground
station tracking
- No handover
problem
- Nearly constant
range
- Very small Doppler
shift in
frequency
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- Transmission delay
- Greater range loss

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According to path or orbital

pattern

Polar orbit Satellite path revolves

around the north and south pole.
Equatorial Satellite rotates in an
orbit above the equator.
Inclined Satellite has a slanting
Orbital Pattern

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According to
stabilization method
employed:
Spinner Satellite
Three-Axis Stabilizer Satellite

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According to territorial
Domestic Satellite ( DOMSAT )
coverage
services w/in a single country
Regional Satellite
services confined to specific regions
Ex. Palapa I,II Aguila II
Global Satellite
provides services globally
Ex. INTELSAT (Intl. Satellite Org.)
INMARSAT (Intl. Maritime Sat. Org.)
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Accdg. to the type of services

offered:
Fixed Satellite Service (FSS) covers links
between satellites and fixed earth
stations
Mobile Satellite Service covers sat. links
to stations that maybe in motion
(mobile), incl. ships (Maritime Mobile,
MMSS), (Aeronautical Mobile, AMSS) and
land vehicles (Land Mobile, LMSS)
Broadcast Service incl. TV (DBS-TV) and
audio (DBSA)
Inter Satellite Service satellite to
satellite cross-links
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Size, Mass and Cost of

satellites
Size
Large
satellite
Small
satellite
Mini-satellite
Microsatellite
Nanosatellite
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Mass
> 1,000 kg

Cost
> $ 100 m

500 1,000
$ 50 100 m
kg
100 500 kg $ 5 20 m
10 100 kg
$23m
< 10 kg
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<$1m
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Closer look at
Communication Satellite
Operation.

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How we orient our antenna

to a particular satellite?

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Antenna Orientation
Find our look angles
Our look angles is composed of the ff:
The angle of elevation formed

between the plane of the wave

radiated from the earth station and the
horizon.
Azimuth Horizontal pointing angle of
the antenna.
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Spatial Separation
Angular separation between satellite
in space operating at or near the
same frequency.

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Picture picture.

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Variables that influenced spatial

separation

Bandwidth and side lobe of radiation

RF carrier frequency
Encoding or modulation used
Acceptable limits of interference
Transmit carrier power

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Radiation Pattern
The radiation Pattern ( Footprint ) is
the geographical representation of
the satellite antenna radiation
pattern.

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3 categories of Satellite
Footprint
Earth Radiation pattern having a

beamwidth of approximately 17o and

include coverage of approximately one
third of the earths surface.
Zonal coverage includes an area less
than one third of earth surface
Spot spot beams concentrate the
radiated power in a very small geographic
area
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Satellite orbital dynamics

Orbital dynamics refers to the

forces that keep the satellite in

orbit and the physical and
mathematical laws that it follows.

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Fc

Fc Fg

Satellite orbit

Fg

Earths equator

Geocenter of
earth

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h3

4 x 1011
,m / s
Rkm +hkm

gT 2R2
4

R ,km

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Sample Problem 1
Determine the height of a certain
satellite in orbit with a sidereal
period of 30 hours.
2 2
A. 42, 628 mi
gT
R
3
h

R
,km
B. 42, 628 km
4 2
C. 43, 275 mi
D. 43, 275 km
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Satellite Range
d

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R h

R cos R sin

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Sample Problem 2
What is the maximum acceptable
satellite range for a geosynchronous
satellite?
2
2
2
d

R
cos
R sin

A. 41,191 km
B. 40,200 km
C. 41,191 mi
D. 40,200 mi
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Frequency Allocation
Common frequencies

6/4 GHz
14/12 GHz

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Uplink (first number)

Downlink (2nd number)

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Microwave frequency
bands
Band designation
Frequency range (GHz)

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1-2

2-4

4-8

8-12

Ku

12-18

18-27

Ka

27-40

Millimeter

40-300

Submillimeter

>300

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Frequency bands used

in satellite
Frequency
Band
communications
225 - 390 MHz
P

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350 - 530 MHz

1530 - 2700 MHz

2500 - 2700 MHz

3400 - 6425 MHz

7250 - 8400 MHz

10.95 - 14.5 GHz

Ku

17.7 - 21.2 GHz

Kc

27.5 - 31 GHz

36 - 46 GHz

46 - 56 GHz

56 - 100 GHz

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Actual satellite
frequencies
Commercial C-band
6/4 GHz 5.925 6.425 GHz
Uplink
3.7 4.2 GHz
Downlink
Military C-band
8/7 GHz 7.9 8.4 GHz
Uplink
7.25 7.75 GHz Downlink

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The Block diagram

sections.

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Satellite System Link Models

An uplink section
A satellite transponder
A downlink section

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The Uplink Model

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The satellite transponder

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The Downlink Model

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Systems Parameters.
Amo na ni ang libog sa
problema

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System parameters
Effective Isotropic Radiated Power (EIRP)

EIRP Pr Gt
Pr(dBW ) Pt(dBW ) Losses(dB)

EIRP dBW Pr dBW Gt dB

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System parameters
Transmit power and bit energy

Pt
Eb Pt Tb
fb
Where Eb = energy per bit
Pt = transmitter output power
Tb = Period ( time ) of one bit
fb = frequency of the bit

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System parameters
Equivalent Noise Temperature

Te To NF 1
Where Te = equivalent noise temperature
( kelvin )
To = Temperature of environment
( kelvin )
NF = Noise figure
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System parameters
Noise Density

N
No
kTe
BW
Where No = noise density
N = noise power
BW = Bandwidth
k = Boltzmanns constant ( 1.38 x 10 -23 j/k )
Te = equivalent noise temperature

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System parameters
Carrier-to-Noise Density Ratio

C
C

No kTe
Carrier to noise density ratio is the average wideband carrier
noise density ratio. The wide band carrier power is the
combined power of the carrier and its associated side bands.

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System parameters
Energy-of-Bit-to-Noise Density Ratio
C
Eb
fb
CBW

N
No
Nfb
BW

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System parameters
Gain-to-Equivalent Noise Temperature
Ratio

G Gr G LNA

Te
Te
This is a figure of merit used to represent the quality of a
satellite or earth station receiver.
Where
Gr = gain of the receiver antenna
G( LNA ) = gain of the satellite / earth station low noise
amplifier
Te = equivalent noise temperature ( Kelvin )
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System link
equations..
Applying what we have
learned into the system..

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Over all signal linkages

profile

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System link equations

Uplink Equations

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System link equations

Downlink equations

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Let us see how much did

we remember about the
lesson..

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Problem solving .

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Sample Problem 3
What is the free space loss
between an earth station and a
GEO satellite when the elevation
angle is 30 and the uplink
frequency is 5 GHz.
L 92.4 20 log f 20 log d
A. 198.13 dB
d R h R cos R sin
B. 198.13 dBm
C. 200.08 dB
D. 200.08 dBm
P

GHz

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km

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April 2004 Board Exam

Calculate the free space loss
between a satellite transmitter and
a satellite receiver at a distance of
25,000 km using 6 GHz.
A. 103.6 dB L 92.4 20 log f 20 log d
P
GHz
km
B. 102 dB
C. 196 dB
D. 96.4 dB
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April 2004 Board Exam

An uplink transmitter of a satellite system
operates at 6 GHz with a transmitter power
of 12 kW and an antenna gain of 50 dBi. The
receiver on a geostationary satellite has an
antenna gain of 40 dBi. The elevation angle
to the satellite from the ground is 45
degrees, calculate the receive signal
strength at the satellite. (height of satellite
above equator is 36,000 km, earth radius =
RSL dBm PT dBm Tota l gain Total loss
6400 km).
A. 38.7 dBm
PT( W )
B. 70.8 dBm PT(dBm) 10 log
1x103 W
C. -70.8 dBm
D. -38.7 dBm
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Sample Problem 4
Determine the transmission delay
when a signal is transmitted by an
earth station to a geosynchronous
satellite and then received by the
same earth station.
A. 239 s
total distance
X 'mission delay
velocity
B. 239 s
C. 239 ms
D. 239 ns
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Sample Problem 5
Satellite communication link between
Tanay Earth Station, Philippines and Mt.
Fucino Earth Station, Italy, is to be
established. The uplink frequency of
Tanay Earth Station is 6175 MHz, what
is the downlink frequency of Mt. Fucino
Earth Station if the osc shift is
2.225Ghz?
A. 3950 GHz
B. 3950 PHz
d
u
o
C. 3950 MHz
D. 3.950 MHz

f f f

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Sample Problem 6
What is the uplink frequency
when the downlink frequency
is 4.1 GHz?
A. 6.325 MHz
B. 6.325 GHz fu fd fo
C. 6.325 THz
D. 6.325 PHz
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Sample Problem 7
An earth station satellite transmitter
has an HPA with a rated saturated
output power of 10,000 W. The backoff ratio is 6 dB, the branching loss is
2 dB, the feeder loss is 4 dB and the
antenna gain is 40 dB. Determine the
EIRP.
EIRP dBW Pr(dBW ) Gt(dB)
A. 68 dBW
B. 68 dB
Pr(dBW ) Pt(dBW ) Total losses(dB)
C. 68 dBm
D. 68 dBrn
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Sample Problem 8
Determine the carrier-to-noise
density ratio for a receiver with a
70 dBW input carrier power, an
equivalent noise temperature of
180 K, and a bandwidth of 20
MHz.
A. 136.05 dBm
B. 137.03 dB
C. 136.05 dB
D. 137.03 dBm
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Sample Problem 9
Determine the total noise power
for a receiver with an input
bandwidth of 20 MHz and an
equivalent noise temperature of
600 K.
A. 16.56 pW
B. 16.56 W
C. 16.56 nW
D. 165.6 fW
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Sample Problem 10
Determine the energy of bit-tonoise density ratio when the
receiver input carrier power is
100 dBW, the receiver input noise
temperature is 290 K, and a 60Mbps transmission rate is used.
A. 26.2 dBm
B. 26.2 dB
C. 25.3 dBm
D. 25.3 dB
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End of the review

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