TAR1 Chapter 16d

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The American Republic To 1877

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Chapter Introduction
Section 1
The Two Sides
Section 2
Early Years of the War
Section 3
A Call for Freedom
Section 4
Life During the Civil War
Section 5
The Way to Victory
Chapter Summary
Chapter Assessment
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Chapter Objectives
Section 1: The Two Sides
Explain why the border states played an important
part in the war.
Compare Northern and Southern populations,
industries, resources, and war aims.
Click the mouse button or press the

Space Bar to display the information.
Chapter Objectives
Section 2: Early Years of the War
Identify Northern and Southern successes and
failures in the early years of the war.
Explain how the Norths naval blockade hurt the
South.

Chapter Objectives
Section 3: A Call for Freedom
Describe why Lincoln issued the Emancipation
Proclamation.
Understand the role that African Americans played
in the Civil War.

Chapter Objectives
Section 4: Life During the Civil War
Describe what life was like for soldiers during the
Civil War.
Identify the role that women played in the war.
Compare how the war affected the economies
of the North and the South.

Chapter Objectives
Section 5: The Way to Victory
Identify the battles that turned the tide of the war
in 1863.
Cite the events that led to the Souths surrender in
1865.

Why It Matters
The Civil Wara war in which Americans fought
other Americanstransformed the United States.
It shattered the economy
of the South while contributing to the rapid
economic growth of the North and the West.
African Americans gained freedom when
slavery was abolished, but the war left a legacy
of bitterness between North and South that
lasted for generations.
The Impact Today

Key events during this era still shape our lives
today. For example:
The institution of slavery was abolished.
The war established the power of the
federal government over the states.

Guide to Reading
Main Idea
Both the North and the South had strengths and
weaknesses that helped determine their military
strategies.
Key Terms
border state
blockade
offensive
Rebel
Yankee

Guide to Reading (cont.)

Reading Strategy
Classifying Information As you read the section,
complete a chart like the one shown on page 460 of
your textbook by listing the strengths and weaknesses
of the Union and the Confederacy.
Read to Learn
why the border states played an important part in the
war.
how the North and South compared in terms of
population, industry, resources, and war aims.


Section Theme
Government and Democracy The Southern states
seceded from the Union to protect states rights.
Confederate soldier, 1861

Choosing Sides
Seven states left the Union and formed
the Confederacy in February 1861.
Four more states joined in April: Virginia,
North Carolina, Tennessee, and Arkansas.
The capital was Richmond, Virginia, about
100 miles south from the Unions capital of
Washington, D.C.
(pages 460462)
Choosing Sides (cont.)

The border states of Missouri, Kentucky,
Maryland, and Delaware stayed in the Union
but were divided over which side to support.
They played an important part in the war
because of their location, and they would
seriously damage the North if they seceded.
- Missouri could control parts of the Mississippi
River and major routes west.
- Kentucky controlled the Ohio River.
(pages 460462)

- Delaware was close to the Norths important city of
Philadelphia.
- Maryland was very close to Richmond, had
important railroad lines, and had the Unions capital
of Washington, D.C., within its borders.
In April a mob in Baltimore attacked Northern

troops. Confederate sympathizers burned
railroad lines and cut the telegraph line to
Washington, isolating it.
(pages 460462)

Lincoln had to be cautious in his response so as
not to upset the people of the border states and
especially Maryland.
He ended up arresting people who supported
secession.
His approach worked. The border states
remained in the Union, but many of the
citizens joined Southern armies.
(pages 460462)

Most white Southerners supported secession,
but people in the Appalachian region of
Tennessee and Virginia opposed it.
In Virginia a movement to secede from the
state and rejoin the Union grew.
The separate state of West Virginia joined the
Union in 1863.
(pages 460462)
Why was Maryland the most important border

state?
It was about 100 miles from Washington,
D.C., it had important railroad lines, and
Washington, D.C., lay within the state. If
Maryland had seceded, Confederates would
surround the Norths government in
Washington.
(pages 460462)
Space Bar to display the answer.
Comparing North and South

Both sides had advantages and disadvantages.
The following were the Norths advantages:
- a larger population
- more industry
- more resources
- more ships
- a better banking system to help raise money

- regular navy members who were mostly loyal to
the Union
- a larger and more efficient railway system
- Abraham Lincolns dedication, intelligence, skill,
and humanity
(pages 462463)
Comparing North and South (cont.)

The following were the Norths disadvantages:
- In order to bring the Southern states back into the

Union it would have to invade and hold the South.
- Many people believed the South had a good chance

of winning.
(pages 462463)

The following were the Southern advantages:
- strong support for the war from the white
population
- troops fighting on their own land
- superior military leadership at first (General Robert
E. Lee)
(pages 462463)

The following were the Souths disadvantages:
- a smaller population
- few factories
- fewer resources, including an inferior railroad
system with fewer than half the miles of track and
fewer trains than the North
- belief in states right that limited a strong central
governments power
(pages 462463)

War goals were different. The North at first
wanted to bring the Southern states back into
the Union and later wanted to also end slavery.
The Unions plan had three parts:
- Blockade Southern ports to prevent supplies from
entering and cotton from being exported.
- Gain control of the Mississippi River to cut Southern
supply lines and to split the Confederacy.
- Capture Richmond, the Confederate capital.
(pages 462463)

The Souths goal was to win recognition as an
independent nation so the South could
preserve its traditional way of life, including
slavery. Its strategy included the following:
- holding on to as much territory as possible until the
North tired of fighting
- having Britain and France pressure the North to end
the war
- sometimes going on the attack by moving north to
threaten Washington, D.C., and other Northern cities
(pages 462463)
What do you think was the Souths greatest

advantage and the Norths greatest
disadvantage?
Possible answer: The South was fighting
mostly on its own land and had strong military
leadership and support for the war. The Norths
disadvantage was the Souths desire to be
independent from the North and the strong
Southern support for secession.
(pages 462463)
American People at War

Soldiers came from all walks of life although
many came from farms.
One difficult aspect of the Civil War was that
Americans were fighting other Americans.
The average soldiers age was 25 years, but
about 40 percent were 21 or younger.
A soldiers term was 90 days at first, but then
became longer when the war did not end
quickly.
(pages 463464)
American People at War (cont.)

The number of soldiers from the North and
South differed greatly.
By the summer of 1861, the Confederate army,
also called Rebels, had about 112,000 soldiers.
The Union, or Yankee, soldiers numbered
about 187,000.
By the end of the war, about 850,000 men
fought for the Confederacy, and about 2.1
million men fought for the Union.
About 200,000 African Americans fought for
the Union, and about 10,000 Hispanics fought
in the conflict.
(pages 463464)

Both sides expected the war to end quickly.
Some leaders saw the war would be
a long one.
Northern General William Tecumseh Sherman
predicted a very long war,
and his prediction was accurate.
(pages 463464)
What made fighting the Civil War difficult?

People thought it would be a short war; both
sides expected an early victory. Americans were
fighting other Americans. Sometimes good
friends or family fought against one another.
Many men on both sides served and risked
injury or death.
(pages 463464)
Checking for Understanding

Define Match the terms on the right with their definitions on the
left.
__
D 1. Confederate soldier, so
called because of opposition
to the established government
__
C 2. position of attacking or the
attack itself
A. border state
B. blockade
C. offensive
D. Rebel
E. Yankee
__
A 3. a state between the North
and the South that was divided over whether
to stay in the Union or join the Confederacy
E 4. Union soldier
__
__
B 5. to cut off an area by means of troops or warships to
stop supplies or people from coming in or going out;
to close off a countrys ports
Space Bar to display the answers.

Reviewing Facts Why were the border states
important to the North?
They controlled crucial land and water routes and

were near Washington, D.C.

Reviewing Themes
Government and Democracy How did
a strong belief in states rights affect the South
during the war?
State governments refused to give the

Confederate government the power it needed to
fight the war.

Critical Thinking
Predict What do you think would be the
Souths greatest advantage in the war?
Possible answer: The Souths knowledge

of the land and the fact that it was fighting for a
cause might be its greatest advantage in the war.

Analyzing Visuals
Making Generalizations Review the graph on
page 462 of your textbook and write a general
conclusion based on the data presented in the
graph.
Possible answer: The North had more resources.

Expository Writing You are a Southerner (or

a Northerner) in 1861. Write a journal entry
that explains your reasons for joining the
Confederate (or Union) army.
Guide to Reading
Main Idea
Neither the Union nor the Confederate forces gained
a strong advantage during the early years of the war.
Key Terms
blockade runner
ironclad
casualty


Reading Strategy
Classifying Information As you read, describe the
outcome of several early battles on a chart like the one
shown on page 466 of your textbook.
Read to Learn
what successes and failures the North and the South
had in the early years of the war.
how the Norths naval blockade hurt the South.


Section Theme
Geography and History The North and the South
fought the war differently in different geographic
regions.
Civil War cannon

First Battle of Bull Run

The first major battle of the Civil War was
called the First Battle of Bull Run.
It was fought in northern Virginia near a river
called Bull Run.
The Confederates were victorious.
Union troops attacked Confederate forces led
by General P.G.T. Beauregard.
Next, the Rebels rallied under General Thomas
Stonewall Jacksons reinforcement troops
and counterattacked the Yankees.
(pages 466467)
First Battle of Bull Run (cont.)

Then, the Union army retreated back to
Washington, D.C., first in an orderly fashion
and then in a panic.
The Confederate victory shocked the North.
Northerners realized that the war could be a

long, hard, and costly one.
Abraham Lincoln signed two bills requesting
a total of one million army volunteers to
serve for three years.
He also appointed General George B.
McClellan to head the Union army of the
East called the Army of the Potomac.
(pages 466467)
First Battle of Bull Run (cont.)
Why did Lincoln call for one million volunteers to

serve for three years and appoint a new general for
the Union troops?
After the defeat at the First Battle of Bull Run, he
knew he had to be better prepared. He was
determined to have a strong army of well-trained
men committed for a longer length of service. He
also wanted good leadership so that the North
would be ready for the fighting that now appeared
would be longer than people first expected it
(pages 466467)
would.
War at Sea
Lincoln ordered a blockade of Southern ports
to prevent the South from exporting its cotton
and importing necessary supplies such as guns,
ammunition,
and food.
It did not close off all Southern trade, but it did
reduce trade by more than two-thirds.
Over time the North also built more ships to
better enforce the blockade.
(pages 467468)
War at Sea (cont.)

A new era in naval warfare began when the
Norths Monitor and the Souths Merrimack,
renamed Virginia, exchanged fire in March
1862.
Both ships were wooden ships covered with
thick iron plates, making them sturdy and hard
to sink.
The Union was the victor because the
Merrimack never again threatened Northern
ships.
(pages 467468)
War at Sea (cont.)
Why were the Southern ports blockaded?

They were blockaded to halt the exporting and
importing of goods. Without the ability to make
money from the exporting of cotton and the
ability to receive needed food and supplies, the
hope was that the South would eventually give
up the war.
(pages 467468)
War in the West

The main goal of the North was to gain control
of the Mississippi and Tennessee Rivers in the
west to make it hard for the South to transport
goods.
The North had early victories in 1862 under
the command of Ulysses S. Grant.
- Grant captured Fort Henry on the Tennessee River in
February 1862.
- Grant also captured Fort Donelson on the
Cumberland River ten days later.
(pages 468469)
War in the West (cont.)

- The control of the lower Tennessee River allowed
Union troops to march into Tennessee, Mississippi,
and Alabama.
- The Union victories also drove the Confederacy out
of Kentucky, a state that the South had hoped it
would be able to persuade to secede.
(pages 468469)

Another major battle in the West, the Battle of
Shiloh, saw the Union win a narrow victory.
A very bloody two-day battle with 20,000
casualties on both sides ended with Union
forces gaining control of Corinth, Mississippi,
on May 30, 1862, and Memphis, Tennessee,
on June 6.
- The fighting began on April 6 when Confederate
forces led a surprise attack on Union troops.
- The Confederacy drove Grant and his troops back to
the Tennessee River.
(pages 468469)

- The second day the Union forces defeated the
Confederacy with the help of 25,000 troops from
Nashville and shelling from gunboats on the river.
- The Confederacy withdrew to Corinth.
(pages 468469)

The North won another important victory on
April 25, 1862, with the capture of New
Orleans, Louisiana, under the command of
David Farraguts naval forces.
The capture meant that the Confederacy could
no longer use the Mississippi River to carry its
crops to sea.
(pages 468469)
What was so significant about Farraguts

capture of New Orleans?
New Orleans was the Souths largest city, and
its location near the mouth of the Mississippi
River gave it access to the Gulf of Mexico.
When Farragut captured the city, he
successfully closed off this access, and the
major trade that took place in and out of New
Orleans via the Mississippi was blocked.
(pages 468469)
War in the East

The war in the East was not as successful for
the Union.
The Unions goal of capturing the Confederate
capital of Richmond, Virginia, was never met.
The Southern strategy of making the North

tired of fighting seemed to be working.
- General McClellan did not act promptly on Lincolns
orders to advance directly to Richmond.
(pages 469472)
War in the East (cont.)

- Instead, he took his troops by ship on a several-week
circular route known as the Peninsular Campaign to a
peninsula between the York and James Rivers
southeast of Richmond.
- When the Union and Confederate forces finally met
in June, at what is known as the Seven Days Battle,
Confederate General Robert E. Lee took command.
- He eventually drove the Yankees back to the James

River.
(pages 469472)

Richmond was never captured, and the
Confederates were only 20 miles away from
Washington, D.C.
- McClellans army was pushed back, but it was larger
than Lees and still close to Richmond.
- When McClellan did not renew his attack toward
Richmond, Lincoln ordered him to Northern Virginia
to join Major General John Popes troops.
(pages 469472)

- Stonewall Jacksons troops met Lees army and
were attacked by Popes troops on August 29 at
Bull Run.
- The Second Battle of Bull Run was won by the
Confederacy.
(pages 469472)

Another major battle, the Battle of Antietam,
occurred on September 17.
Both armies suffered severe losses, but neither
was destroyed.
General Lee withdrew to Virginia, so the
Union claimed victory.
Additionally Lincoln used the battle to change
Northern war aims and take action against
slavery.
(pages 469472)

- Lees army marched into Maryland in September
1862, and McClellan with his 80,000 troops moved
slowly after them.
- After a McClellan soldier found a copy of Lees
orders, McClellan knew Lees plans, but because he
was so cautious and acted so slowly, Lee was able to
gather his forces along the Antietam Creek.
- September 17, the bloodiest day of the war, saw
close to 6,000 soldiers dead or dying and another
17,000 seriously wounded.
(pages 469472)

- The next day Lee withdrew.
- When McClellan refused to obey Lincolns order to
pursue Lee, Lincoln replaced McClellan with
General Ambrose Burnside as commander of the
Army of the Potomac.
(pages 469472)
Why was the Union defeated in the East?

The Union forces did not capture Richmond, the
Confederate capital. General McClellan moved so
slowly and cautiously that he gave Lee, a
successful commander of the Confederate forces,
time to group and attack. Northern troops lost
confidence when they saw few victories. Although
the Union claimed victory at the Battle of Antietam
and did gain back some confidence, the great
loss of life was difficult to overcome.
(pages 469472)

left.
__
B 1. armored naval vessel
A. blockade runner
__
C 2. a military person killed,
wounded, or captured
B. ironclad
__
A 3. ship that sails into and out of a
blockaded area

C. casualty

Reviewing Facts Explain why the North wanted
to blockade the South.
The North wanted to blockade the South

in order to prevent exports of cotton and imports
of supplies needed to fight the war.

Reviewing Themes
Geography and History What was the Norths
main goal in the western campaign?
The Norths main goal in the western campaign

was to gain control of the Mississippi and
Tennessee Rivers.

Critical Thinking
Analyzing Information Why was Union
general McClellan not effective as a military
commander?
McClellan did not act fast enough, and this gave

the Confederates time to prepare for attacks.

Analyzing Visuals
Geography Skills Study the map on page 470
of your textbook. Who claimed victory at the
First Battle of Bull Run? When was the Battle
of Shiloh fought?
The Confederacy claimed victory at the First
Battle of Bull Run. The Battle of Shiloh was
fought on April 67, 1862.

Art Draw a cartoon that would accompany a

front-page newspaper story describing the
battle between the Merrimack and the Monitor.
Guide to Reading
Main Idea
The Civil War provided opportunities for African
Americans to contribute to the war effort.
Key Terms
emancipate
ratify


Reading Strategy
complete a table like the one on page 473 of your
textbook. Describe what the Emancipation Proclamation
and the Thirteenth Amendment
to the Constitution were meant to accomplish.
Read to Learn
why Lincoln issued the Emancipation Proclamation.
what role African Americans played in the

Civil War.


Section Theme
Groups and Institutions The Norths main goal from
the start of the war was to preserve the Union, not to
abolish slavery.
Lincoln portrait, by artist Peter Baumgras

Emancipation
The Norths original war goal was to preserve
the Union rather than to destroy slavery.
Lincoln and other Republican leaders had
stated they would act only to prevent the
expansion of slavery.
Lincoln was hesitant to move against slavery
because of the border states.
He did not want to divide the people and make
the war less popular.
(pages 473476)
Emancipation (cont.)
As the war went on, many Northerners thought
that slavery was helping the war effort in the
South.
Anything that weakened slavery weakened the
Confederacy in the Norths view.
In 1861 and 1862, Congress passed laws that
freed enslaved people who were held by people
active in the rebellion against the Union.
Some African Americans escaped slavery by
going into territory held by the Union army.
(pages 473476)
Lincoln decided to take action on slavery.
He thought that as president he should
be the one to make the decision to end slavery,
not Congress.
On January 1, 1863, Lincoln signed the
Emancipation Proclamation. It said that all
persons held as slaves within any state . . . in
rebellion against the United States, shall be
then, thenceforward,
and forever free.
(pages 473476)
There were several effects of the proclamation:
- It did not actually free anyone. The Thirteenth

Amendment, ratified by Congress in 1865, truly
freed enslaved Americans.
- Lincoln hoped that word of the proclamation would
encourage enslaved people to run away. Before the
Emancipation Proclamation, about 100,000 African
Americans left for the safety of the Union.
(pages 473476)
- Northern African Americans were pleased by the
decree.
- Because Britain and France opposed slavery, they
decided to withhold recognition of the Confederacy.
(pages 473476)
Why did it take a constitutional amendment to

actually end slavery?
The Emancipation Proclamation referred only
to the areas that the Confederacy controlled. In
order to abolish slavery in all places in the
United States, Congress needed to approve an
amendment to the Constitution to make slavery
illegal.
(pages 473476)
African Americans in the War

African Americans helped the war effort
in the North and South.
In the North, African Americans were
not permitted to serve as soldiers at the
beginning of the war. However, the Union
navy accepted them.
Others, such as Harriet Tubman of the
Underground Railroad, were able to help the
North as spies or guides behind Confederate
lines.
(pages 476477)
African Americans in the War (cont.)

In 1862 African Americans were allowed to
serve in the Union army.
Both free African Americans and those who
escaped slavery enlisted.
By the end of the war, African American
volunteers made up almost 10 percent of the
Union army and 18 percent of the navy.
About 200,000 African Americans served and
37,000 died defending the Union.
(pages 476477)

African American regiments were separate
from the rest of the Union army.
Most command officers were white.
After protest about unequal pay, African
American and white soldiers received the
same pay in 1864.
(pages 476477)

The 54th Massachusetts led by white
abolitionists was one of the most famous
African American regiments.
Their bravery in a battle against a Confederate
fort near Charleston, South Carolina, in July
1863 won respect for African American
troops.
(pages 476477)

African Americans did not serve in the
Confederate military at first because white
Southerners were afraid of a slave rebellion.
Near the end of the war, though, the
Confederacy needed men.
The Confederate Congress passed a law in 1865
to enlist enslaved people.
The law did not include automatic freedom just
because the men served as soldiers.
The war ended before any regiments were
(pages 476477)
organized.

People had different attitudes toward African
Americans as soldiers.
Lincolns opponents criticized the use
of African American soldiers.
Many white Southerners were also outraged
and threatened to execute any they captured and
did execute some.
Enslaved workers were overjoyed to see
African American soldiers in the Union army.
(pages 476477)
How did African Americans help the war

effort?
They served in the Union army and navy, and
many helped as spies and guides behind
Confederate lines.
(pages 476477)

left.
__
A 1. to free from slavery
A. emancipate
__
B 2. to give official approval to
B. ratify


Reviewing Facts Summarize President
Lincolns reasons for issuing the Emancipation
Proclamation.
Lincoln issued the Emancipation Proclamation

to weaken the South by encouraging enslaved
people to run away, to encourage Britain and
France to not support the South, and to earn
public support by ending slavery.

Reviewing Themes
Groups and Institutions How did African
Americans help the war effort in the North? What
roles did they play in the South?
In the North, African Americans served in the

navy and eventually in the army. They also
acted as guides and spies in the South. In the
South, African Americans raised crops to feed
the armies, labored
in mines, and worked as nurses in military
hospitals and as cooks in the army.
Critical Thinking
Comparing How did President Lincolns
political stand on slavery differ from his
personal stand during the war?
Politically, Lincolns first priority was to restore

the Union. Personally, he opposed slavery.

Analyzing Visuals
Picturing History Study the pictures of the
African American soldiers on pages 475 and
476 of your textbook. Do you think that these
soldiers have fought in battle? Explain your
reasoning.
Citizenship It is 1865 and you have heard about the

passage of the Thirteenth Amendment. Using material,
thread, beads, and/or felt letters, create a banner that
you anticipate carrying in a parade after the Civil War
is over.
Guide to Reading
Main Idea
Civilians as well as soldiers had an impact on the
war effort.
Key Terms
habeas corpus
draft
bounty
greenback
inflation


Reading Strategy
complete a table like the one on page 478 of your
textbook by describing the roles of the individuals listed
on the table during the war.
Read to Learn
what life was like for the soldiers.
what role women played in the war.
how the war affected the economies of the North
and the South.

Section Theme
Economic Factors The Civil War strained the
Northern and Southern economies.
Union soldier and family, 1861

The Lives of Soldiers

The enthusiasm of the volunteers who rushed
to sign up at the beginning of the war did not
last.
A soldiers life was not easy. It was filled with
boredom, bad food, discomfort, sickness, fear,
and horror.
Soldiers lived in camps.
Between battles sometimes the men forgot that
they were enemies.
(pages 478479)
The Lives of Soldiers (cont.)

The realities of the war left both sides with
terrible losses.
The medical facilities could not always handle
all the casualties.
Hunger, sickness, fear, and lack of supplies
caused many soldiers to desert.
About one of every eleven Union soldiers and
one of every eight Confederates ran away.
(pages 478479)
The Lives of Soldiers (cont.)
Where do you think the men who deserted the

war went?
Possible answer: Some probably returned home
to help their families, and some may have even
fled the country. Many may have tried to seek
medical attention if they could get it before
deciding where to go.
(pages 478479)
Women and the War

During the war, women took on new
responsibilities, such as becoming teachers,
government workers, and
office or factory workers.
Some managed farms.
Many worked to help the armies by collecting
and distributing food, clothing, and medicine.
Some made ammunition, wove blankets, and
rolled bandages.
Many also mourned the loss of the men who
went to war.
(pages 479481)
Women and the War (cont.)

Women who stayed home in the North did not
suffer the disruption in their daily lives that the
women in the South did.
The blockade caused the South to run out of
almost everything: animal feed, meat, clothing,
medicine, and shelter.
The marching armies destroyed the crops and
homes of those that lay in their path.
(pages 479481)

Some women were spies and disguised
themselves as men to become soldiers.
- Harriet Tubman spied for the North.
- Rose ONeal Greenhow spied for the South, was
caught, convicted of treason, and exiled.
- Belle Boyd was an informant for the South.
(pages 479481)

Thousands of women were nurses, although
some men disapproved of women doing mens
work or tending
to strangers.
Women such as Dorothea Dix, Clara Barton,
and Sally Tompkins became well-known for
their work as military nurses.
(pages 479481)
What do you think was the most difficult part of

womens lives during the war?
Possible answer: Everything was hard;
however, women assumed their new roles and
responsibilities or took on new responsibilities
to carry out their lives as best as they could.
Women sometimes did not have a choice except
to take over whatever was necessary.
(pages 479481)
Opposition to the War

Some politicians and citizens opposed the war
because they objected to the wartime policies
and how the war affected their lives.
In the North the Democrats split into two
groups.
One group supported Lincolns policies.
The other group, called Peace Democrats,
wanted to negotiate with the Confederacy.
(pages 481482)
Opposition to the War (cont.)

Republican newspapers called this group
Copperheads, and some Republicans suspected
them of aiding the Confederates.
The number of volunteers declined in the North
and the South as the war continued.
- In order to have enough men to serve, the
Confederate Congress passed a draft law in April
1862.
- It required men between 18 and 35 to serve for three
years.
- To avoid the draft a person could hire a substitute.
(pages 481482)

- Union states offered bounties, or payments,
to encourage volunteers.
- When this failed, the Union organized a draft in
March 1863.
- Men 20 to 40 had to register.
- From this pool of names, the army selected the
soldiers it needed.
- To avoid the draft, a person could hire a substitute
or pay $300 to the government.
(pages 481482)

Protests because of the draft laws erupted in the
North and South.
The worst occurrence was in New York City in
July 1863 when, after four days of terror, an
angry mob had to be quieted by the Army of the
Potomac.
In the South many opposed the draft.
Their president, Jefferson Davis, proclaimed
military law and suspended habeas corpus, or
the right of an accused person to a hearing
before being jailed. This outraged Southerners
even more.
(pages 481482)
Why did the North and South institute the

draft?
Both the North and South needed men to serve
in the military. Because men were not
volunteering at the rate they did in the
beginning of the war, each passed a draft law
requiring men of a certain age to either serve as
in the South or register as in the North.
(pages 481482)
War and the Economy

Both sides financed the war by borrowing
money, increasing taxes, and printing paper
money.
The North borrowed more than $2 billion, and
the South raised more than $700 million by
issuing war bonds that paid a high interest.
- The Union passed an income tax in 1861, and the
Confederacy also imposed an income tax when the
states did not provide enough money.
(pages 482483)
War and the Economy (cont.)

- Paper money issued in the North was called
greenbacks.
- The South printed much more money than the
North, hoping it would help pay for the cost of the
war.
(pages 482483)

Even with inflation, the Northern economy
boomed.
Farmers prospered because of the need for a
steady food supply for the soldiers.
Factory production grew as the demand grew
for items such as guns, ammunition, uniforms,
and shoes.
(pages 482483)

The Southern economy suffered.
It did not have industry to provide arms
and ammunition and other necessities.
Farmland was ruined by troops, and rail lines
were torn up during the battles.
The Norths blockade caused severe shortages
of essential goods.
Prices rose because of the scarcity
of goods.
Soldiers left their service to return to
help their families.
(pages 482483)
What effect did issuing war bonds have on the

economy?
At first people bought them to get the high
interest rate they offered. When the South
issued too many and flooded the market, the
value of the bonds decreased and people
stopped buying them.
(pages 482483)

left.
__
D 1. a piece of U.S. paper
money first issued by the
North during the Civil War
__
B 2. the selection of persons
for military service
__
E 3. a continuous rise in the
price of goods and services
A. habeas corpus
B. draft
C. bounty
D. greenback
E. inflation
__
C 4. money given as a reward, such as to encourage
enlistment in the army
__
A 5. a legal order for an inquiry to determine whether a
person has been lawfully imprisoned

Reviewing Facts Why was life on the
home front more difficult for Southerners?
Life on the home front was more difficult for

Southerners because most of the fighting took
place in the South, much of the land lay in
ruins, farmland was destroyed, cities were
burned, and thousands of people were made
homeless.

Reviewing Themes
Economic Factors How did the war affect the
economy of the South?
The war caused inflation, the destruction of

infrastructure and land, and a shortage of
essential goods.

Critical Thinking
Making Inferences Why do you think President
Lincoln believed the Copperheads were a threat
to the Union war effort?
By splitting Union loyalties, Copperheads could

give the Confederacy an edge. The Copperheads
also appealed to racist feelings and discouraged
men from enlisting.

Analyzing Visuals
Picturing History Study the photograph of the
family on page 481 of your textbook. Why do
you think some families accompanied the
armies in the field?
Possible answer: Some families may have
accompanied the armies in the field to decrease
the time they were apart, or to provide food and
other supplies for their loved ones.

Economics List three sectors of the economy that

welcomed women during the Civil War. Describe the
jobs women held and the contributions they made.
Guide to Reading
Main Idea
After four years of war that claimed the lives of
more than 600,000 Americans, the Northern forces
defeated the Southern forces.
Key Terms
entrenched
total war


Reading Strategy
Organizing Information Use a web like the one
on page 485 of your textbook to describe the strategy
Grant adopted to defeat the Confederacy.
Read to Learn
what battles turned the tide of the war in 1863.
what events led the South to surrender in 1865.


Section Theme
Individual Action Brave soldiers from both the North
and the South fought gallantly during the Civil War.
Confederate soldier
Southern Victories
Robert E. Lees Army of Northern Virginia
seemed too strong to beat in 1862 and 1863.
They easily won the Battle of Fredericksburg
on December 13, 1862,
in Virginia against General Ambrose Burnside.
Because of his failure, Burnside resigned.

General Joseph Hooker replaced him.
(pages 485486)
Southern Victories (cont.)

Hooker rebuilt the army, but Lee attacked his
troops first and won another victory at
Chancellorsville, Virginia, near Fredericksburg
in May 1863.
General Stonewall Jackson was among the
heavy casualties.
Jackson died at Chancellorsville from an
accidental shot by one of the Confederate
companies. He died a week later.
(pages 485486)
Southern Victories (cont.)
Why was the Army of Northern Virginia

so successful against the Union troops
in 1862 and 1863?
General Robert E. Lee was their commander.
He moved quickly, knew
the region, and surprised the Union troops. The
North also felt defeated
by their losses.
(pages 485486)
The Tide of War Turns

Lee decided to invade the North, hoping
to win aid for the Confederacy from Britain
and France.
The South was not victorious as he moved his
75,000 troops north in June.
Union General George Meade replaced General
Hooker to find and fight Lees troops and
protect Washington, D.C.,
and Baltimore from attack.
(pages 486488)
The Tide of War Turns (cont.)

The armies fought the three-day Battle
of Gettysburg in July 1863.
On the third day, 14,000 Confederate forces,
led by General Pickett, advanced toward Union
lines.
The Union fired as the Confederate troops
marched across open territory.
Lees troops retreated to Virginia in defeat.
(pages 486488)

Another Northern victory occurred at the Battle
of Vicksburg, Mississippi.
The Union gained control of the Mississippi
River, a war goal, and isolated the western
Confederacy.
This and the Battle of Gettysburg were turning
points in the war.
(pages 486488)

On November 19, 1863, Lincoln gave his
famous Gettysburg Address at a ceremony
dedicating a cemetery at Gettysburg.
The speech helped Americans look ahead and
focus on building America.
(pages 486488)
Why were the Battles of Gettysburg and

Vicksburg a turning point in the Civil War?
They both were major Union victories.
Once the North claimed control of the
Mississippi from its success at the Battle of
Vicksburg, the Confederacy was weakened.
Both battles marked
the point at which the North began to
control the war.
(pages 486488)
Final Phases of the War

New Union leadership brought new plans to
attack the Confederacy.
After the Northern victory at Chattanooga,
Tennessee, led by Generals Grant and Sherman,
Lincoln named Grant commander of all the
Union armies.
The plan was to have the Army of the Potomac
crush Lees army in Virginia.
The western army under Sherman would
advance to Atlanta and crush the Confederates
in the Deep South.
(pages 488490)
Final Phases of the War (cont.)

Grants and Lees armies met in three battles
near Richmond: the Battles of the Wilderness,
Spotsylvania Courthouse, and Cold Harbor.
The Confederacy held firm each time Grant
resumed the attack.
Another attack at Petersburg turned into a ninemonth siege.
Grant hoped that Richmond would fall, thereby
cutting it off from the rest of the Confederacy.
(pages 488490)

The North lost thousands of men and grew
tired of the war.
Democrats wanted to make peace with the
South, but Lincoln wanted to restore the Union.
The end of the war was in sight, and Lincoln

won reelection easily.
(pages 488490)

In September 1864 Sherman captured Atlanta,
and the Confederates were driven out of
Shenandoah Valley in Virginia.
Shermans army waged total war as
it then advanced from Atlanta toward
Savannah, Georgia, destroying farms, killing
animals, and tearing up railroad lines along the
way.
It captured Savannah and devastated South
Carolina as the troops moved to meet Grant in
Virginia.
(pages 488490)
What caused the Southern troops to lose

battles in the final phases of the war?
Lees troops probably suffered from hunger and
lack of medicine and proper shelter. They were
war weary; more men deserted. The Southern
army had fewer men to defend its land than did
the North. Grant was also a ruthless general,
determined to finish the war. Union troops
displayed
this determination.
(pages 488490)
Victory for the North

Lincoln talked about the end of the war and the
hope for peace in his second Inaugural Address
in 1865.
On April 2, 1865, Confederate lines at
Petersburg broke and Lee withdrew his troops.
Richmond fell the same day.

Rebel troops, civilians, and government
officials fled, setting fire to the city of
Richmond as they left.
(pages 490491)
Victory for the North (cont.)

On April 9, 1865, Lee and his troops
surrendered to Grant at Appomattox Court
House, a small Virginia village.
Grant asked only for their arms, letting them
keep their horses and giving them three days
supply of food.
(pages 490491)

Confederate forces in North Carolina
surrendered to General Sherman several days
later.
Jefferson Davis, the president of the
Confederacy, was captured on May 10
in Georgia.
The war was over.
(pages 490491)

The war had several consequences.
- The Civil War was the most devastating in
American history. More than 600,000 soldiers
died. It caused billions of dollars worth of damage,
mostly in the South.
- Bitter feelings between Southerners and
Northerners lasted for generations.
- The federal government was strengthened and
became more powerful than the states.
- The war freed millions of African Americans.
(pages 490491)
How did the Norths victory save the Union?

Because the North never wanted the Southern
states to secede, the victory brought them back
into the Union and united the country. It also
strengthened the federal government and its
power over the states. With this new power, it
could govern the united country.
(pages 490491)

left.
__
B 1. war on all aspects of
the enemys life
__
A 2. occupying a strong defensive
position

A. entrenched
B. total war

Reviewing Facts Identify the reasons that
Gettysburg and Vicksburg were important battles.
At Gettysburg Lees army was driven from

Pennsylvania. At Vicksburg the Mississippi
River was secured, and the South was cut in
two.

Reviewing Themes
Individual Action What thoughts about peace
did Lincoln express in his second Inaugural
Address?
Lincoln expressed that people should work

together to build a lasting peace.

Critical Thinking
Drawing Conclusions How did the Unions
victory strengthen the federal government?
The war demonstrated that the federal

government would not tolerate states
acting on their own.

Analyzing Visuals
Geography Skills Study the map of the final
battles on page 489 of your textbook. In which
directions did Shermans army travel from
Atlanta to Savannah and then to Bentonville?
Shermans army traveled southeast from Atlanta
to Savannah, then northeast from Savannah to
Bentonville.

Expository Writing Refer to Lincolns Gettysburg

Address on page 991 of your textbook. Write three
paragraphs discussing Lincolns ideas on freedom and
the importance
of saving the Union.

left.
__
C 1. armored naval vessel
A. blockade
__
D 2. ship that sails into and out of a
blockaded area
B. offensive
B 3. position of attacking or the

__
attack itself
H 4. a legal order for an inquiry to
__
determine whether a person
has been lawfully imprisoned
G 5. the selection of persons for
__
military service

C. ironclad
D. blockade runner
E. border states
F. Union
G. draft
H. habeas corpus

left.
__
E 6. the states between the North
and the South that were
divided over whether to stay
in the Union or join the
Confederacy
A. blockade
__
A 7. to cut off an area by means of
troops or warships to stop
supplies or people from
coming in or going out
E. border states
__
F 8. the North
H. habeas corpus

B. offensive
C. ironclad
D. blockade runner
F. Union
G. draft
Reviewing Key Facts

What three advantages did the Confederate states
have in the war?
The Confederate states had strong support of

the white population, strong military leadership,
and they were fighting a defensive war.

Reviewing Key Facts

Who were the presidents of the United States and
of the Confederate States
of America?
Abraham Lincoln was the president of the

United States of America. Jefferson Davis was
the president of the Confederate States of
America.

Reviewing Key Facts

What was the outcome of the Battle
of Gettysburg?
Union forces turned back Lees troops.

Reviewing Key Facts

In what ways did African Americans contribute
to the war efforts?
African Americans served as soldiers, worked

behind the lines in the military, and worked to
support the Souths economy.

Reviewing Key Facts

What terms of surrender did Grant offer
to Lee?
Confederate soldiers had to lay down their

arms, but were free to return home.

Critical Thinking
Determining Cause and Effect Why was
controlling the Mississippi River vital to the
North and the South?
The Mississippi River was a main transportation

route.

Critical Thinking
Making Inferences Why do you think General
Lee was such an effective military leader?
He implemented bold plans, made good strategic

moves, and had the respect of
his men.

Geography and History Activity

Study the map below and answer the questions on the following
slides.

Along what ridge
were the Union
troops positioned?
The Union troops

were positioned
along Cemetery Ridge.


Who led forces across
Rock Creek?
Ewell led forces across

Rock Creek.


What five Confederate
commanders
are shown?
Ewell, Hill, Lee,

Longstreet, and Pickett
are the
five Confederate
commanders shown.

Standardized Test Practice

Directions: Choose the best answer to the following
question.
By gaining control of the Mississippi and Tennessee rivers, the
Union was able to
A
capture Fort Sumter.
force the Confederacy to surrender.
split the Confederacy.
defeat the Confederate forces at Gettysburg.
Test-Taking Tip Eliminate answers that dont make sense. For

example, Confederate forces, not Union forces, captured Fort
Sumter. Therefore, choice A is incorrect.
How was Jefferson Davis taken to prison?
He was taken to prison in a horse-drawn

ambulance.

Explore online information about the topics introduced

in this chapter.
Click on the Connect button to launch your
browser and go to The American Republic to
1877 Web site. At this site, you will find
interactive activities, current events
information, and Web sites correlated with the
chapters and units in the textbook. When you
finish exploring, exit the browser program to
return to this presentation. If you experience
difficulty connecting to the Web site, manually
launch your Web browser and go to
http://tarvol1.glencoe.com
Johnny Reb and Billy Yank

Northern troops called the Southern soldier Johnny Reb
or Reb, after the term rebel. Southerners called the
Northerners Billy Yank or Yankees.
The railroad was an integral part of the movement and

preservation of field armies during the Civil War. A
railcar mounted with a heavy cannon for bombardment of
forts was first used during the
Civil War.
Stonewall Jackson
Hornets Nest
Click on a hyperlink to view the corresponding slide.
Before the war General Thomas Stonewall Jackson was

an instructor at the Virginia Military Institute. In 1859 he
commanded a contingent of V.M.I. cadets serving as
guards at John Browns execution.
As the Union troops were driven back to the Tennessee River,

they established a line along an area known as the Sunken
Road. The Union forces withstood 12 attacks against this
position. The area became known as the Hornets Nest
because of the intensity of the gunfire and the grazing of
bullets. Southern troops organized 62 artillery pieces to fire
on the Hornets Nest, the largest concentration of artillery yet
assembled in the war. The shells splintered trees and boulders.
An Iowa lieutenant said that it was a mighty hurricane
sweeping everything before it. After six hours, 2,200 Union
soldiers surrendered.
The Monitor The Swedish-born inventor John Ericsson

invented the Monitor. He built this first entirely iron
ship in 101 days. The Monitor contained 47 patented
devices. It housed 2 guns to the Merrimacks 10, but
they were mounted on
a revolving turret.
Science The single most-important invention used by

McClellans army was an inch-long slug that expanded
into the barrels rifled grooves and spun at great speed
from the muzzle. The spin allowed the ball to travel
farther and more accurately than musket balls fired from
smooth-barreled weapons. The ball was accurate at 250
yards (229 m), five times as far as any other one-person
weapon.
Heavy death tolls in battle led Civil War soldiers to devise

the first dog tags for identification. Soldiers printed their
names and addresses on handkerchiefs or paper, which
they pinned to their clothing before going into battle.
African Americans Even when African Americans were

finally allowed to become Union soldiers, they were not
immediately allowed into combat. At first, African
American units were used as labor battalions and supply
troops.
Some women disguised themselves as men and enlisted

in the Confederate and Union armies. Jennie Hodgers, for
example, signed on with an Illinois regiment as Albert
Cashier.
Burnsides
Civil War Terms
Burnsides Sideburns are named for the Union

commander Ambrose E. Burnside. His distinctive
muttonchop whiskers inspired a fashion, which became
known as burnsides. Within 10 years the
2 syllables had been transposed.
Civil War Terms The Civil War was the first war in
which strictly military terms were passed into wider
usage. Many of these terms still used in common speech
today are K.P. (kitchen police), AWOL (absent without
leave), pup tents (originally known as dog tents),
grapevine (medium for transmission of rumors), and
shoddy (uniforms poorly made from recycled woolen
fibers known as shoddy, which came to denote any article
of inferior quality).
The extreme left flank of the Union lines at Gettysburga hill

called Little Round Topwas commanded by Colonel Joshua
Lawrence Chamberlain, a college professor who had taken a
leave from teaching to fight in the war. Chamberlain knew
that if the Confederates took Little Round Top, they would
have a view of the whole Union line. Although greatly
outnumbered, Chamberlains forces withstood numerous
attacks. Finally, Chamberlain led his troops in a bayonet
charge that drove the Confederates from the hill. Chamberlain
received the Medal of Honor for his bravery at Gettysburg.
Chattanooga
General Sherman
Chattanooga Taking Chattanooga was important

to the Union. Chattanooga guarded the gateway
to the eastern Confederacy and the Southern war
industries in Georgia. From this city the Confederate
army could mount expeditions into Tennessee and
Kentucky. The Union could use the city to mount raids
into Georgia and further divide the South.
General Sherman Civil War historian Shelby Foote said

of Sherman: [He] was maybe the first truly modern
general. He was the first one to understand that civilians
were the backers-up of things and that if you went against
civilians, youd deprive the army of what kept it going.
Civil War Camera
Photographer Mathew
Brady and his many
assistants recorded the
camps, lives, and deaths
of soldiers in more than
10,000 photos.
This feature can be found on page 482 of your textbook.
Civil War Camera

1
The photographer looks at the

subject through a glass plate.
glass plate
plate
holder
2
lens
This feature can be found on page 482 of your textbook. Click the
mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.
body
Civil War Camera

2
A plate holder is inserted into

the back panel.
glass plate
plate
holder
2
lens
body
Civil War Camera

3
The photographer opens the

lens. The lens creates
a reversed, upside-down
image on the wet plate.
glass plate
plate
holder
2
lens
body
Civil War Camera

4
The body of the camera

protects the wet plate.
glass plate
plate
holder
2
lens
body
Civil War Camera

The plate holder and the exposed wet plate are
removed from the back panel, then developed into a
negative in the
1 glass plate
photographers
traveling
darkroom.
plate
holder
2
3
lens
body
Taking Notes
Why Learn This Skill?
One of the best ways to remember something is to write it
down. Taking noteswriting down information in a brief
and orderly formnot only helps you remember, but it
also makes your studying easier.

Click the Speaker button to replay the audio.
Taking Notes
Learning the Skill
There are several styles of note taking, but all explain and put
information in a logical order. When you are taking notes, it will
help to keep in mind the following guidelines:
Identify the subject and write it at the top of the page.
In your text, for example, look at the chapter title, section title,
and other headings.
Taking Notes
Learning the Skill
Select specific information for your notes. For example,
anything your teacher writes on the chalkboard or shows you
from a transparency should be included. If your teacher
emphasizes a point or spends a large amount of time on a topic,
this is also a clue to its importance.
Paraphrase the information. That means putting the
information in your own words rather than trying to take it down
word for word. Doing so helps you think about what the speaker
or writer means.
Taking Notes
Learning the Skill
To save time, you might want to develop different strategies.
One way is to create a personal shorthand. For example, use
symbols, arrows, or rough drawings: + for and. Practice
your shorthand in all of your classes.
Write legible and neat notes so that you will be able to
understand them when you read them again.
Taking Notes
Practicing the Skill
Review the guidelines for taking notes. Then read Section
5, entitled The Way to Victory, on pages 485491 of your
textbook. After you have carefully read the section, follow
the guidelines and create shorthand notes for the subsection entitled
The Tide of War Turns, which begins on page 486 of your
textbook.
The Face of War

Objectives
After viewing The Face of War, you should:
Appreciate how devastating Civil War battles were, resulting in the
deaths of thousands.
Understand that tens of thousands of
soldiers died from disease each month
due to bad drinking water, poor food,
and horrible conditions.
Acknowledge that the role of the
embalmer was an important one,
because preserving a body allowed
proper burial in the hometown of the soldier.
Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Click in the window
above to view a preview of The American Republic to 1877 video.
The Face of War

Discussion Question
What were some of the reasons that many soldiers died
from disease?
Reasons included bad drinking water, horrible

living conditions, and poor food.

The Face of War

Discussion Question
What particular event led President Lincoln to authorize
the hiring of 14 embalmers for the Union army?
A close friend had died and was preserved by an

embalmer.


battle

Most commanding officers in the Union army were white,

even in all-African American units.
The prisoners are the three Confederate soldiers

on the left.

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The American Republic To 1877

The Two Sides

Early Years of the War

A Call for Freedom

Life During the Civil War

The Way to Victory

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The Impact Today

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Guide to Reading (cont.)

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Guide to Reading (cont.)

Confederate soldier, 1861

Choosing Sides (cont.)

Choosing Sides (cont.)

In April a mob in Baltimore attacked Northern

Choosing Sides (cont.)

Choosing Sides (cont.)

Choosing Sides (cont.)

Why was Maryland the most important border

Comparing North and South

- a better banking system to help raise money

Comparing North and South (cont.)

- In order to bring the Southern states back into the

- Many people believed the South had a good chance

Comparing North and South (cont.)

Comparing North and South (cont.)

Comparing North and South (cont.)

Comparing North and South (cont.)

Comparing North and South (cont.)

What do you think was the Souths greatest

American People at War

American People at War (cont.)

American People at War (cont.)

American People at War (cont.)

What made fighting the Civil War difficult?

Checking for Understanding

Checking for Understanding

They controlled crucial land and water routes and

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State governments refused to give the

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Possible answer: The Souths knowledge

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Expository Writing You are a Southerner (or

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Guide to Reading (cont.)

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Guide to Reading (cont.)

Civil War cannon

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First Battle of Bull Run

First Battle of Bull Run (cont.)

Northerners realized that the war could be a