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Techniques
The transmission from the BS in the downlink can
Multiple Access
Techniques
Random access
Frequency division multiple access (FDMA)
Time division multiple access (TDMA)
Spread spectrum multiple access (SSMA) : an
example is Code division multiple access (CDMA)
Space division multiple access (SDMA)
Narrowband Systems
(Interleaving + coding techniques are
used)
Data generated in source 1 2 3 4
5 8 9 10 11 12 15 16 17 18
Transmitted data 1 8 15 22 29
2 9 16 23 3 10 17 24
Received data 1 8 15 22 29 2 9
16 23 30 3 10 17 24 31
with the shaded data bits undergo
deep fade
Deinterleaved data 1 2 3 4 5 8
9 15 16 17 18
Duplexing
Channel
fc,,
frequency
Frequency separation F
Slot number
channel
Reverse
Channel
Forward
Channel
Ti+1
Ti
Time separation
time
Delay
Delay
Delay
FDMA
FDMA
Main features
Main features
FDMA
TDMA
Features
Features
TDMA Frame
One TDMA Frame
Preamble
Slot 1
Guard
Bits
Sync
Bits
Information
Slot 2
Control
Bits
Slot 3
Trail Bits
Information
One TDMA Slot
A Frame repeats in time
Slot N
CRC
Features
Features
Features
Efficiency of TDMA
AMPS
FDMA/FDD
GSM
TDMA/FDD
TDMA/FDD
PDC
TDMA/FDD
FDMA/TDD
FDMA/TDD
US IS-95
CDMA/FDD
W-CDMA
CDMA/FDD
CDMA/TDD
cdma2000
CDMA/FDD
CDMA/TDD
SSMA
Security
Undetectability: minimum probability of being
detected
Robust against intentional jammers
Applications
Security
Robust against unintentional interference
It is not bandwidth efficient when used by a single
user but has the capability to overcome narrowband
jamming signals (cannot overcome AWGN or
wideband jamming signal) and multi-path.
Providing multiple access
If many users can share the same spread spectrum
bandwidth without interfering with one another,
bandwidth efficient improved but will affect the
capability to overcome jamming.
Two techniques
CDMA Advantages
CDMA Advantages
CDMA Principle
Represent bit 1 with +1
Represent bit 0 with -1
One bit period (symbol period)
Data
0
1
1 1
Coded
Signal
Chip period
Processing Gain
Main parameter of CDMA is the processing gain that is
defined as:
Gp
Bspread
R
Bchip
R
IS-95 System (Narrowband CDMA) has a gain of 64. Other systems have gain between 10
and 100.
1.228 Mhz chipping rate
1.25 MHz spread bandwidth
pr(M)
M
M
M
M
DSSS Transmitter
Message
m(t)
sss(t)
Baseband
BPF
Transmitted
Signal
p(t)
PN Code
Generator
Oscillator
fc
Chip Clock
2 Es
sss (t )
m(t ) p (t ) cos(2f c t )
Ts
DSSS Receiver
IF Wideband
Filter
sss (t )
Received
DSSS Signal
at IF
s1 (t )
p (t )
PN Code
Generator
Synchronization
System
2 Es
s1 (t )
m(t ) cos(2f c t )
Ts
m(t )
Received
Data
Interference
Spectral
Density
Signal
Interference
Signal
Frequency
Frequency
CDMA Example
R
Data=1011
A
Transmitter (a mobile)
Codeword=010011
Data=0010
B
Transmitter
Codeword=101010
A Data
A
Codeword
0 1
0 1
Data Code
A Signal
1 0
0 1
B Data
1 0
0 1
0 1
1 1
B
Codeword
Data Code
B Signal
Transmitted
A+B
Signal
(A B) Code
Integrator
Output
Comparator
Output
(A B) Code
Integrator
Output
Comparator
Output
Integrator
Output
Comparator
Output
X
Noise
FDMA/CDMA
DS/FHMA
User 2
...
User 1
User k
.
.
.
.
.
.
...
User Ku
User n
Assumptions:
Single Cell.
The interference caused by other users in the cell can be
modeled as AWGN.
Perfect power control is used, i.e. the received power of each
user at the base station is the same.
If the received power of each user is Ps watts, and the background
noise can be ignored (ex: micro-cells), then the total interference
power (MAI) at the output of the desired users detector is
I K 1 P
u of equal
s energy users in the cell.
where Ku is the total number
Suppose each user can operate against Gaussian noise at a bitenergy-to-noise density level of Eb/Io. Let W be the entire spread
bandwidth, then the interference spectral density can be expressed
as:
I0
I
W
Ps
Rb
I
I W W Rb
K u 1 0
Ps E b R b E b I 0
E b I 0 1 f
Ex: If Gv 2.67, GA 2.4, f 0.6
Ku
4 W Rb
Eb I o
W
Rb
which will be larger than the TDMA or FDMA systems in the cellular
environment.
Ku
SDMA
antenna
Features: