ANGIOLOGY

ANATOMY OF HUMAN BLOOD

VESSELS
Erial Bahar
2014

Lecture outline
1. Overview of the cardiovascular
system
2. Blood circuit
3. Structure of blood vessels
4. Distribution of the blood vessels
5. Clinical anatomy of cardiovascular
system

OVERVIEW OF THE
CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM

The Human
Cardiovascular System
1. The Heart
2. Vascular system:
1. Arterial system
2. Venous system
3. Lymphatic system

3. Blood circulation
1. Pulmonary circulation
2. Systemic circulation

BLOOD VESSELS
1. ARTERIES carry blood away from the heart and
toward the tissues. The hearts ventricles pump
blood into the arteries.
2. ARTERIOLES are small subdivisions of the
arteries. They carry blood into the capillaries.
3. CAPILLARIES are tiny, thin-walled vessels that
allow for exchanges between systems. These
exchanges occur between the blood and the body
cells and between the blood and the air in the
lung tissues. The capillaries connect the
arterioles and venules.
4. VENULES are small vessels that receive blood
from the capillaries and begin its transport back
toward the heart.
5. VEINS are vessels formed by the merger of
venules. They continue the transport of blood
until it is returned to the heart

Blood circuits
A.Pulmonary circuitcarries blood
to and from lungs
B. Systemic circuitcarries blood
to and from rest of body

STRUCTURE OF THE BLOOD

VESSELS
a. Artery wallslayers (tunics)
1. Tunica intima = Endothelium; Innermostsingle
layer of flat epithelial cells.
2. Tunica media; Middlethicker layer of smooth
muscle and elastic connective tissue.
3. Tunica adventitia; Outerconnective tissue

b. Arteriolesthinner walls, less elastic tissue,

more smooth muscle
c. Capillariesonly endothelium; single layer of
cells
d. Venuleswall slightly thicker than capillary wall
e. Veinsall three layers; thinner walls than
arteries, less elastic tissue
Picture
s

Interconnection between arterial

system and venous system

DISTRIBUTION OF THE BLOOD

VESSELS

Distribution of Blood
Vessels
1. Arterial system
2. Venous system

Systemic arteries
A.The aorta and its parts
a. Ascending aorta
Left and right coronary arteries

b. Aortic arch
1.Brachiocephalic arterybranches to arm and head on right
2.Left common carotid arterysupplies left side of neck and
the head
3.Left subclavian arterysupplies left arm

c. Descending aorta
1. Thoracic aortabranches to chest wall, esophagus, bronchi
2. Abdominal aortasupplies abdominal viscera

B. Iliac arteries and their subdivisions

.Final divisions of aorta
.Branch to pelvis and legs

C. Arteries that branch to the arm and head

common carotid, subclavian, brachial
D. Anastomosescommunications between vessels

ARTERIES OF THE THORACIC CAVITY

AND WALLS

Aortic arch = Arcus aorta

Thoracic Aorta
a. Visceral branches
thoracic organs
1. Bronchial
2. Esophageal

: supplying

: Lung tissue
: Esophagus

b. Parietal branches
thoracic wall

: supplying

1. Intercostal
:Thoracic wall
2. Superior phrenic :Superior surface of
diaphragm

Blood Suppy to Thoracic

Wall
The walls of the thorax are supplied with blood by :
1. the anterior intercostals : The anterior intercostals are
derived from the internal thoracic arteries, which are
branches of the subclavian arteries and lie on the inner
surface of the anterior thoracic wall.
2. the posterior intercostals. . The posterior intercostals are
derived as bilateral branches directly from the descending
aorta.
3. Superior phrenic arteries supply blood to the diaphragm

The anterior and posterior intercostal arteries lie along

the inferior margin of each rib and anastomose with
each other approximately midway between the ends of
the ribs.

ARTERIES OF THE
ABDOMINAL CAVITY AND
WALL

Abdominal Aorta
1.
2.

Inferior phrenic
diaphragm
Celiac trunk
1.
2.

Left gastric
Common hepatic :
1.
2.
3.

3.

: Stomach and esophagus

: Stomach and duodenum
: Stomach
: Liver

Splenic
1.

3.
4.
5.
6.
7.

Gastroduodenal
Right gastric
Hepatic

: Adrenal gland and inferior surface of

: Spleen and pancreas

Left gastroepiploic
: Stomach

Lumbar
: Lumbar vertebrae and back muscles
Suprarenal
: Adrenal gland
Superior mesenteric :Pancreas, small intestine, and colon
Renal
: Kidney
Gonadal
1.
2.

Testicular (male)
Ovarian (female)

: Testis and ureter

: Ovary, ureter, and uterine tube

8. Inferior mesenteric :Descending colon and rectum

9. Median sacral
: Inferior vertebrae
10. Common iliac
1.
2.

External iliac
: Lower limb
Internal iliac
: Lower back, hip, pelvis, urinary bladder, vagina, uterus, rectum,
and external genitalia

ARTERIES OF THE PELVIC CAVITY

1. Common Iliac Arteries

1. Internal Iliac Arteries (Hypogastric
Arteries)
1. Superior gluteal : Hip muscles and
joint
2. Internal pudendal : Rectum, anus,
perineal muscles, external genitalia.
3. Obturator
4. Lateral sacral

2. External Iliac artery go to lower

extremities

ARTERIES OF NECK AND HEAD

ARTERIES OF THE HEAD

AND NECK

Aortic arch

1. Brachiocephalic trunk
1. Right common carotid a. to the right side of
neck and head
2. Right subclavian a.
1.
2.

Right axillary a. to the right arm

Right vertebral a. to the brain

2. Left common carotid a. to left side

of neck and head
3. Left subclavian a.
1. Axillary a. to the left arm
2. Vertebral a. to the brain

Common carotid artery

1. External carotid artery
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.

Superior thyroid
Lingual
Facial
Occipital
Posterior auricular
Ascending pharyngeal
Superficial temporal
Maxillary

2. Internal carotid artery

1.Posterior communicating
2.Anterior cerebral
3.Middle cerebral

SUMMARY OF THE ARTERIES OF THE

HEAD
ANDCarotid
NECK
1. External
1. Superior thyroid
2. Lingual
3. Facial
4. Occipital
5. Posterior auricular
6. Ascending pharyngeal
7. Superficial temporal
8. Maxillary
2. Internal Carotid
1. Posterior communicating
2. Anterior cerebral
3. Middle cerebral

3. Vertebral Arteries (branches of the subclavian

arteries)
1. Anterior spinal
2. Posterior inferior cerebellar

4. Basilar Artery (formed by junction of vertebral

arteries)
1. Anterior inferior cerebellar
2. Superior cerebellar

Systemic veins

A.Superficialnear surface
B. Deepusually parallel to arteries with
same names as corresponding arteries
1. The venae cavae and their tributaries
a. Superior vena cavadrains upper part of body
a) Jugular veins drain head and neck
b) Brachiocephalic veins empty into superior vena cava

b. Inferior vena cavadrains lower part of body

2. Venous sinusesenlarged venous channels

3. Hepatic portal systemcarries blood from
abdominal organs to liver, where it is
processed before returning to heart

The physiology of circulation

A. Capillary exchange
o Primary methoddiffusion
o Blood pressuredrives fluid into tissues
o Osmotic pressurepulls fluid into capillary

B. Dynamics of blood flow

o Vasomotor activities

Vasodilationincrease in diameter of blood vessel

Vasoconstrictiondecrease in diameter of blood vessel
Vasomotor centerin medulla; controls contraction and
relaxation of smooth muscle in vessel wall

o Precapillary sphincterregulates blood flow into

capillary
o Return of blood to heart
1.
2.
3.
4.

Pumping action of heart

Pressure of skeletal muscles on veins
Valves in veins
Breathingchanges in pressure move blood toward heart

BLOOD VESSEL DISORDERS

A. Arteriosclerosishardening of arteries with scar tissue, calcium
salts, or fatty deposits
1. Atherosclerosisdeposits of fatty material (plaque) in vessels
2. Possible resultspain, breathing problems, angina pectoris,
thrombosis (blood clot), tissue necrosis, gangrene

B. Aneurysmweakness and bulging of a vessel; may burst

C. Vasospastic Conditions:
1.
2.

Raynauds disease
Raynauds phenomenon

D. Arterial inflammation:
.

Thromboangiitis obliterans (Burger's disease): an

inflammatory disorder that can affect the aorta or peripheral
arteries. It occurs most often in young men who are heavy
cigarette smokers

E. Emboluspiece of a clot traveling in circulation

.

Pulmonary embolismclot lodged in lung

F. Phlebitisinflammation of a vein; may lead to thrombophlebitis

G. Varicose veins swelling and loss of function in superficial veins,
usually in legs and rectum (hemorrhoids)

Thank
you

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Cardiovascular system diagram.

The blue-colored
vessels carry O2-poor blood, and the red-colored vessels carry O2-rich
blood; the arrows indicate the flow of blood .

Internal Respiration
At systemic capillaries, HbO2 inside red
blood cells
becomes Hb and O2. Hb now combines
with H+ to
form HHb. O2 leaves red blood cells and
capillaries.

External Respiration
At pulmonary capillaries,
HCO3
is converted inside red
blood cells
to H2O and CO2. CO2
leaves red
blood cells and capillaries.

External Respiration
At pulmonary capillaries,
O2
enters red blood cells
where it
combines with Hb to form
HbO2
.

External and internal

respiration.
During external respiration in
the lungs, CO2 leaves blood and
O2 enters blood. During internal
respiration in the tissues, O2
leaves blood and CO2 enters
blood.

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Internal Respiration
At systemic capillaries, CO2
enters red blood cells. Some
combines with Hb to form
HbCO2. Most is converted to
HCO3 , which is carried in the
plasma

Mader: Human Biology

7th ed.

ARTERIAL SYSTEM
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VENOUS SYSTEM
Tables

PRINCIPAL SYSTEMIC
ARTERIES

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Principal systemic
veins

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The aorta and its

branches.

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Blood vessels.
The walls of arteries and veins have three layers. The inner layer is composed
largely of endothelium with a basement membrane that has elastic fibers; the
middle layer is smooth muscle tissue; the outer layer is connective tissue
(largely collagen fibers). a. Arteries have a thicker wall than veins because
they have a larger middle layer than veins. b. Capillary walls are one-cellthick endothelium. c. Veins are larger in diameter than arteries, so that
collectively veins have a larger holding capacity than arteries. d. Light
micrograph of an artery and a vein.

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Mader: Human Biology

th

Internal Respiration
At systemic capillaries, HbO2 inside red
blood cells
becomes Hb and O2. Hb now combines
with H+ to
form HHb. O2 leaves red blood cells and
capillaries.

External Respiration
At pulmonary capillaries,
HCO3
is converted inside red
blood cells
to H2O and CO2. CO2
leaves red
blood cells and capillaries.

External Respiration
At pulmonary capillaries,
O2
enters red blood cells
where it
combines with Hb to form
HbO2
.

External and internal

respiration.
During external respiration in
the lungs, CO2 leaves blood and
O2 enters blood. During internal
respiration in the tissues, O2
leaves blood and CO2 enters
blood.

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Internal Respiration
At systemic capillaries, CO2
enters red blood cells. Some
combines with Hb to form
HbCO2. Most is converted to
HCO3 , which is carried in the
plasma

Mader: Human Biology

7th ed.

BLOOD VESSEL
STRUCTURE

Sections of small blood vessels. Drawings

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show the thick wall of an artery, the thin wall

of a vein, and the single-layered wall of a
capillary. A venous valve also is shown. The
arrow indicates the direction of blood flow.

BLOOD VESSEL STRUCTURE

The three layers (tunics), innervation and
vascularization of the blood vessel
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The relationship of an
intercostal space.
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The thoracic
aorta.

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Abdominal Aorta & External

Celiac Trunk
i.

ii.

Arises from the anterior

aspect of the abdominal
aorta at the level of the
lower border of T12.
Branches:
i.
Left gastric artery
i.
Oeshophageal br
ii. Splenic artery
iii. Common hepatic artery
i. Right gastric
ii. Gastroduodenal
i. Superior
pancreaticoduodenal
ii. Right gastroepiploic
iii. Hepatic

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1. Cystic artery
2. Hepatic proper
artery
3. Celiac trunk
4. Right gastric artery
5. Common hepatic
artery
6. Gastroduodenal
artery
7. Superior mesenteric
artery
8. Superior posterior
pancreaticoduodenal
9. Body of pancreas
10. Superior anterior
pancreaticoduodenal
artery
11. Right gastroomental
(gastroepiploic)
artery
12. Duodenum
13. Short gastric
arteries
14. Spleen
15. Left gastric artery
16. Splenic artery
17. Posterior pancreatic
branch of splenic
artery
18. Tail of pancreas

Blood supply of upper abdominal organs

(branches of the celiac trunk and
superior mesenteric artery). (Schematic
drawing.)
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1.Liver (visceral
surface)
2.Gallbladder
3.Cystic duct and
artery
4.Right branch of
hepatic artery
proper
5.Right gastric
artery
6.Gastroduodenal
artery
7.Duodenum
8.Superior
pancreaticoduoden
al artery
9.Right gastroomental
(gastroepiploic)
artery
10. Common hepatic
artery
11. Aorta
12. Celiac trunk
13. Spleen

Branches of celiac trunk

(Schematic drawing.)

1. Pancreas
2. Middle colic artery
3. Duodenum
4. Right colic artery
5. Jejunal arteries
6. Iliocolic artery
7. Appendicular artery
8. Transverse
mesocolon
9. Superior mesenteric
artery
10.Duodenojejunal
flexure
11.Inferior mesenteric
artery
12.Left colic artery
13.Sigmoid arteries
14.Superior rectal
artery

Main branches of superior and

inferior mesenteric arteries.
(Schematic drawing.)

The superior and inferior mesenteric arteries and their

branches.

1. Superior suprarenal
artery
2. Upper capsular artery
3. Anterior branch of renal
artery
4. Perforating artery
5. Lower capsular artery
6. Ureter
7. Right inferior phrenic
artery
8. Left inferior phrenic
artery
9. Middle suprarenal artery
10.Celiac trunk
11.Inferior suprarenal artery
12.Superior mesenteric
artery
13.Right renal artery
14.Posterior branch of renal
artery
15.Left testicular (or
ovarian) artery
16.Inferior mesenteric artery

Arteries of kidney and

suprarenal gland. (Schematic
drawing.)

Blood Supply of the kidney.

A longitudinal section of the kidney showing the blood
supply. Note that the renal artery divides into smaller
arteries, and these divide into arterioles. Venules join
to form small veins, which join to form the renal vein.
Mader: Human Biology
7th ed.

Glomerular
Filtration

Tubular
Reabsorption

Water, salts, nutrient

molecules, and waste
molecules move from the
glomerulus to the inside of
the glomerular capsule.
These small molecules are
called the glomerular filtrate.

Nutrient and salt

molecules are
actively reabsorbed from
the
proximal convoluted
tubule into the
peritubular capillary
network, and water flows
passively.

Steps in urine
formation.
The three main steps in
urine formation are
color-coded to arrows
that show the
movement of
molecules into or out of
the nephron at specific
locations. In the end,
urine is composed of
the substances within
the collecting duct (see
gray arrow).

Mader: Human Biology

7th ed.

Tubular Secretion
Certain molecules are
actively secreted from the
peritubular capillary
network into the distal
convoluted tubule.

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Bifurcation of the aorta and

branches of the internal iliac
artery.

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Arterial supply to the rectum,

posterior view

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

Right ureter
Right common iliac artery
Right external iliac artery
Umbilical artery
Right ductus deferens
Medial umbilical ligament with
obliterated umbilical artery
7. Superior vesical artery and
branch to the ductus deferens
8. Left ureter
9. Urinary bladder
10. Prostate
11. Urogenital diaphragm
12. Deep artery of penis
13. Dorsal artery of penis
14. Penis
15. Testis
16. Left common iliac artery
17. Right internal iliac artery
18. Iliolumbar artery
19. Lateral sacral artery
20. Superior gluteal artery and
sacral spinal nerve
21. Obturator artery
22. Inferior gluteal artery
23. Middle rectal artery
24. Internal pudendal artery
25. Levator ani muscle
26. Inferior rectal artery

Main branches of internal iliac

artery in the male. (Schematic
drawing

1. Testicular vein
2. Testicular artery
3. Deep dorsal vein of
penis
4. Dorsal artery of penis
5. Pampiniform venous
plexus
6. Helicine arteries
7. Prepuce
8. Glans penis
9. Testis with tunica
albuginea
10.Ductus deferens
11.Ureter
12.Urinary bladder
13.Seminal vesicle
14.Prostate
15.Vesicoprostatic
venous plexus
16.Deep artery of, penis
17.Artery of bulb of penis
18.Internal pudendal
artery
19.Corpus spongiosum of
penis
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penis

1. Infundibulum of uterine
tube
2. Ovary
3. Fundus of uterus
4. Uterine tube
5. Round ligament of uterus
6. Vaginal portion of cervix
of uterus
7. Vagina
8. Clitoris
9. Corpus cavernosum of
clitoris
10. Bulb of vestibule
11. Vaginal orifice
12. Greater vestibular gland
13. Ovarian artery
14. Suspensory ligament of
ovary
15. Internal iliac artery
16. Tubal branch of ovarian
artery
17. Ovarian branch of
ovarian artery
18. Uterine artery
19. Ovarian branch of
uterine artery
(anastomoses with
ovarian
BAC artery)
20. Artery of round ligament
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21. Internal pudendal artery

Arteries of female genital organs.

(Schematic drawing.)

Arteries of the Head and Neck

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The brachiocephalic artery, the right common

carotid artery, the right subclavian artery, and their
branches. The major arteries to the head are the
common carotid and vertebral arteries.

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The carotid arteries, their branches and their

related nerves.

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Lateral view of a schematic drawing of the carotid

arteries, vertebral arteries, and intracranial vessels and

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Schematic drawing of the relationships with

the skull of the external carotid artery and
branches, in the lateral view.

Main branches of
maxillary artery
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1 Superficial temporal
artery
Branches of the first
part
2 Deep auricular artery
and
anterior tympanic
artery
3 Middle meningeal
artery
4 Inferior alveolar artery
Branches of the
second part
5 Deep temporal
branches
6 Pterygoid branches
7 Masseteric artery
8 Buccal artery
Branches of the third
part
9 Posterior superior

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Blood Supply to the Brain

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Arteries on the base of

the brain

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1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.

Anterior communicating artery

Left anterior cerebral artery
Internal carotid artery
Pons and left superior cerebellar
artery
Anterior inferior cerebellar artery
Posterior inferior cerebellar artery
Medulla oblongata
Right anterior cerebral artery
Olfactory tract
Optic nerve
Middle cerebral artery
Infundibulum
Oculomotor nerve and posterior
communicating artery
Posterior cerebral artery
Basilar artery and abducens nerve
(n. VI)
Anterior spinal artery
Vertebral artery
Cerebellum
Labyrinthine arteries
Posterior spinal artery
Right superior cerebellar artery
Olfactory bulb

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1. A.cerebralis
anterior
2. A.cerebralis
media
3. A.ophthalmica
4. A.carotis interna
5. A.basilaris
6. Ramus
temporalis
a.cerebralis
media
7. Ramus
temporalis
a.cerebralis
media
8. A.communicante
s posterior
9. A.cerebralis
posterior
10.A.cerebellaris
superior
11.A.cerebellaris
inferior
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12.A.cerebellaris
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Arteries of the
brain

Schematic drawing showing the distribution

of the peripheral branches of the middle
cerebral artery and territories.
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1. Insula
2. A.cerebralis
media
3. A.basilaris
4. A.vertebralis
5. Sulcus
centralis
6. Lobus
occipitalis
7. A.cebellaris
superior
8. Cerebellum

1. Interventricular
foramen
2. Septum
pellueidum
3. Frontal lobe
4. Anterior cerebral
artery
5. Anterior
commissure
6. Optic chiasma
and infundibulum
7. Mamillary body
8. Oculomotor
nerve (n. III)
9. Pons
10. Basilar artery
11. Corpus callosum
12. Fornix
13. Choroid plexus
14. Third ventricle
15. Pineal body
16. Tectum and
cerebral
aqueduct
17. Fourth ventricle
18. Cerebellum
(arbor vitae.
vermis)
19. Median aperture
of Magendie
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20. Medulla

1. Anterior
communicating
artery
2. Left anterior cerebral
artery
3. Internal carotid
artery
4. 5. Anterior inferior
cerebellar artery
6. Posterior inferior
cerebellar artery
7. 8. 9. 10. Optic nerve
11. Middle cerebral
artery
12. 13. Oculomotor nerve
and posterior
communicating
artery
14. Posterior cerebral
artery
15. Basilar artery and
abducens nerve (n.
VI)
16. Anterior spinal
artery
17. Vertebral artery

Arteries of the base of the brain, arterial

circle of Willis.
(Schematic drawing.)

1. Anterior cerebral artery

2. Anterior communicating artery
3. Middle cerebral artery
4. Posterior communicating artery
5. Oculomotor nerve
6. Trochlear nerve
7. Posterior cerebral artery
8. Trigeminal nerve
9. Internal auditory artery
10.Facial nerve and vestibulocochlear
nerve
11.Glossopharyngeal nerve and vagus
nerve
12.Hypoglossal nerve
13.Accessory nerve
14.Anterior inferior cerebellar artery
15.Falx cerebri
16.Optic nerve
17.Optic chiasma
18.Infundibulum and pituitary gland
19.Anterior choroidal artery and
choroid plexus
20.Basilar artery
21.Abducens nerve
22.Vertebral arteries
23.Medulla oblongata
24.Inferior sagittal sinus
25.Tentorium cerebelli
26.Superior sagittal sinus and
confluence of sinuses
27.Anterior spinal artery
28.Internal carotid artery
29.Superior cerebellar artery
30.Anterior inferior cerebellar artery
31.Posterior inferior cerebellar artery
32.Posterior spinal artery

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Arterial circle of Willis

(superior aspect).
(Schematic drawing.)

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Principal systemic
veins

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The venous dural sinuses. Superior

view.
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The usual arrangement of the veins in

the neck.
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Hepatic portal system. This system provides

venous drainage of the digestive organs and
takes venous blood toMader:
the
liver.Human Anatomy & Physiology,
Understanding
Fifth Edition

The composition of the portal system

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Skeletal muscle contraction moves

blood in veins.
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a. Muscle contraction exerts pressure

against the vein, and blood moves past
the valve.
b. Blood cannot flow back once it has

External heart anatomy.

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A. The superior vena cava and the pulmonary trunk are attached to the
right side of the heart. The aorta and pulmonary veins are attached
to the left side of the heart. The right ventricle forms most of the
ventral surface of the heart, and the left ventricle forms most of the
dorsal surface.
B. The coronary arteries and cardiac veins pervade cardiac muscle. The
coronary arteries bring oxygen and nutrients to cardiac cells, which
Mader:
derive no benefit from blood coursing through the heart
. Human Biology 7th

Sites of coronary artery occlusion, in order of

frequency (1-6)
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Mader: Understanding Human Anatomy & Physiology,
Fifth Edition

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Aortic dissection.
Type A (proximal dissection) involves the
ascending aorta or ascending and
descending aorta.
Type B (distal dissection) does not

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Aneurysms of the abdominal

aorta below the level of the renal
arteries, may extend inferiorly to
involve the common iliac arteries.

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Surface landmarks on the right side of

the head.
The relations of the middle meningeal artery

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Surface landmarks for a temporal burr hole. The

vertical incision passes through the temporalis muscle
down to bone. The middle meningeal artery lies between
the endosteal and meningeal layers of dura and is
embedded in the endosteal layer of dura or lies in a bony
tunnel.

BAC
K

Catheterization of the right external jugular

vein. A. Surface marking of the vein. B. Site of
catheterization. Note how the external jugular vein
joins the subclavian vein at a right angle. C. Cross
section of the neck showing the relationships of the
external jugular vein as it crosses the posterior

Interconnection between arterial

system and venous system
BAC
K

Major Arteries of the

Abdomen and Pelvis

Anatomy and Physiology,

Seeley

CAPILLARY