Immunology

dr. Jacky Junaedi

Immunology
Immunology is the study of our

protection from foreign macromolecules

or invading organisms and our
responses to them.
Foreign macromolecule, antigen e.g.
virus protein, worm, parasite (Everything
that should not be in my body)

Immunology
A broad field encompassing both basic and clinical applications,
deals with antigens, antibodies and cell mediated host defense
functions, specially as they relate to immunity to disease,
hypersensitivity biological reactions, allergies and rejection of
foreign tissues.

Immunity
Body defense against exogenous(microbes) and endogenous(tumor cells)
agents. It is:
1- Innate(natural, nonadaptive, or nonspecific) immunity.
2- Adaptive(acquired, or specific) immunity. Occurs after exposure to antigen.
It is mediated by either antibodies(Humeral immunity) or lymphoid cells(Cellular
immunity). It can be:
A- Passive
B- Active

The immune system

Immune
system
Innate (non-specific) immunity

Adaptive (specific) immunity

Anatomic barriers
(Skin,mucous membranes)

Antigen specificity

Physological barriers
(temperature, pH)

Immunological memory

Phagocytic Barriers (cells that

eat invaders)
Inflammatory barriers
(redness, swelling, heat and
pain)

Diversity
Self/nonself recognition

immunity

(Acquired)

(Natural)

pasive

active

natural

vaksinasi

Kongenital

artificial

TRANSPLASEN
TA

SERUM
HIPERIMUN

IMMUNE SYSTEM

ACQUAIRED

INNATE

PHYSICAL

CHEMICAL

CELULER

HUMORAL

CELULAR

FAGOSIT :
CelL MN, PMN
CelL NK
CelLMAST
Basofil

CELL B :
IgG
IgA
IgM
IgD
IgE

CELL T :
Th1
Th2
Ts/Tr/Th3
Tdth
CTL/Tc

Nonspecific Host Defenses

1- Physiological barriers at the portal of entrey

A- The Skin
B- Mucous Membranes
2- Nonadaptive Immunologic Mechanisms
A- Reticuloendothelial system: Mononuclear phagocytic cells in blood,
lymphoid tissue, liver, spleen, bone marrow, lung and other tissues that are efficient in
uptake and removal of particulate mater from lymph channels and the blood stream.

B- Alternative pathway of complement

C3 parasites, endotoxines, microbial surface C5, C6, C7, C8, C9(0psonization, lysis of
bacteria).

C- Phagocytosis: Engulfment and killing of microbes by phagocytic cells which

include microphage (granuolocytes,polymorphs) and macrophage. The process of
killing includes both nonoxidative and oxidative mechanisms.

D- Inflammatory response
E- Fever: Endotoxines and Interleukin 1
F- Interferon: Virus induced protein that have antiviral activity after 48 hours of
viral infection.
IFNa, IFNb, INFy.

The Organs of the Immune System

Physical & Biochemical

barriers

Humoral and cellular immunity

(antibody mediated or cellular)

Phagocytosis cellular
eating
1. Bacterium attaches to membrane

2. Bacterium is ingested, forming

phagosome,

3. Phagosome fuses with

lysosome.
4. Lysosomal enzymes
digest the bacteria.

5. Digested material is
released from cell.

Phagocytes: macrophage
neutrophils, dendritic cell

Comparison of the adaptive and innate immune responses

innate
Response time

adaptive
hours

days

Response to identical to primary

stronger response upon
repeat infection
second exposure

Receptors that
pattern recognition receptors antibodies and T cell antigen
receptors (TCR)
Mediate pathogen
Toll-like receptors (TLR)
Recognition limited diversity,
unlimited diversity
fixed in germline
generated by V(D)J recombination
Ligands

Pathogen associated molecular virtually any component of pathogen

patterns (PAMPs)

Acquaired immune system

Recognize----- memorized----fagosit

Active : vaccin, sick

Passive :
transplasenta, serum

Respon imun spesifik

Found and catch

Produce antibody

Activated t helper

fagosit

B cell activating
plasma and
memory cell

memorized

Spesific imune respone:

Sistem humoral
- Limfosit B role
-Antigen activated B cell
proliferation and
differensiationplasma cellantibody
- Bacterial invasion, toksin
Sistem seluler (Cell Mediated Immunity/

CMI )
- Limfosit t role
- Virus, fungi, parasite, neoplasma

T Cell
- Bulid in bone marrow
- rosette (+) different with B cell
- CD (cluster differentiation) marker
- Fungtional marker concanavalin A &
phytohemaglutinin
Fungtion :- assisting B cell produce antibody
- recognizing and destroying infecected cell
- activating makrofag
- controlling and limiting immune system
kind : sel Th (helper), Ts (supresor), Td (delayed
hypersensitivity), Tc (cytotoxic)

Sel B

B cell

- Build in bone marrow

- produce antibody

-Circulating in limfe system

- antigen I stimulating produce IgM
- Switching Ig A, Ig E. Ig D, Ig G

Limfosit circulation
Thymus

Sumsum tulang
Blood stream

Limpa

Kelenjar
limfe

ANTIGEN
Characteristic
- Atached at epitop
- Stimulate antibody production
Antigen:

-Molekul wight 40.000

d
-Rigid
-foreign
-Soluble / disoluble

Tempat terjadinya ikatan

Antigen
Ikatan variabel

Ikatan
rantai kuat

Ikatan variabel pada

rantai berat

Rantai
terang
Ikatan rantai
disulfida

Ikatan constan pada

rantai terng

Rantai berat

Tempat ikatan rantai

yang bersifat konstan

ANTIBODI
ANTIBODY =
IMMUNOGLUBUL
IN
1. Ig M
2. Ig G
3. Ig A
4. Ig D
5. Ig E

BENTUK-BENTUK ANTIBODI
Klas

Tempat

Fungsi

IgG

Main form of antibody

Atached at patogen, activating

complemen, increase fagositosis

IgM

Biggest antibody

Activating complemen, clod cell

IgA

Saliva and milk

Prohibit patogen attack eptile cell at

traktus digestivus and respiratorik
traktus

Ig D

Lowest amount in
circulation

Marker of B cell Maturuty

Ig E

Attached at mast and

basofil cell

Allergic reaction and worm

Immunologic laborartory
inspection
1.
1. non
non specific
specific immunologic
immunologic response
response test
test
Kind :

2.
2. specific
specific immunologic
immunologic response
response test
test
3.
3. Interaction
Interaction antigen
antigen antibody
antibody test
test

1.
1. non
non specific
specific immunologic
immunologic response
response test
test
Celluler

Quantity increasing and decreasing amount of

leukosit, monositosis, eosinofilia

Quality leukosit migration inhibit test,

fagositic inhibit test

Humoral

CRP > 100 x at infection and tissues

damage

Complemen C3, C4, faktor B, properdin

2.
2. specific
specific immunologic
immunologic response
response test
test
Celluler

1. Quality limfosit transformation test (dg PHA

& con A)
citotoxicity test
limfokin production test
2. Quantity rosette test
Humoral

Protein Elektrpforesis
Imuno elektroforesis

Protein Elektrpforesis

Imuno elektroforesis

3.
3. antigen-antibodi
antigen-antibodi interaction
interaction test
test

1. Presipitation reactin
- make a presipitate, balance
between antigen and antibody
2. Aglitination reaction
-partikel aglutinasi
-balance antigen and antibody
- m/ : Widal, pregnancy test

3. Moleculer antigen-antibody
interaction
- RIA (radio immunoassay) :
immunolgic reaction (Ex : renal
function test, thyroid function test)
- ELISA ( enzyme linked
immunosorbent assay) : patogen
detection based antigen antibody
(Ex :liver function test, hormon)

RIA (Radio Immunoassay)

ELISA

TERIMA KASIH