Enterobius vermicularis

Kigwa/Enterobiasis

 Commonly named as kigwa, It is a pinworm that

affects usually children
Manifestation
1. Many children and adults show no symptoms, serving
only as carriers.
2. Patients who are allergic to migrating females can
experience severe itching, loss of sleep, and fatigue.
The pruritus can lead to releated scratching, irritation,
and further bacterial infection.
3. Worms attached to the bowel wall can cause
inflammation and granuloma formation around the
eggs.

 Infested dust, clothing, bedding, or toys

can also spread eggs. When someone else
accidentally ingests these eggs, they also
become infected.
Symptoms: Itching of the anus during
night time
Transmission: someone with pinworms
scratches their anal area, eggs may lodge
under their fingernails and be spread to
anything he or she touches.

Prevention
Practice cleanliness. Washing your hands before eating
or preparing meals helps prevent spread of infection.
Avoid scratching the anal region.
Avoid biting the fingernails.
Keep fingernails short and clean.
Wash all bedding and pajamas regularly.
Be sure your child changes underwear daily.
Frequently vacuum the play area.
Despite these measures, it still may be quite difficult to
avoid reinfecting yourself or spreading pinworms to
others.

Samonella typhi
Typhoid fever/ typus

 life-threatening illness caused by the bacterium

SalmonellaTyphi.
Transmisssion
SalmonellaTyphi lives only in humans.
Both ill persons and carriers shedSalmonellaTyphi in
their feces (stool).
you eat food or drink beverages that have been
handled by a person who is
sheddingSalmonellaTyphi
if sewage contaminated withSalmonellaTyphi
bacteria gets into the water you use for drinking or
washing food.

Typhoid fever
Symptoms
Persons with typhoid fever usually have a
sustained fever as high as 103 to 104 F
(39 to 40 C).
They may also feel weak, or have stomach
pains, headache, or loss of appetite.
patients have a rash of flat, rose-colored
spots.

Treatment: Intake of body fluids, food

Prevention
Cleanliness
Keep work surfaces and utensils clean.
Wash and dry your hands regularly but especially after
going to the toilet, before preparing food, after handling
raw food and before touching 'ready-to-eat' food.
Don't prepare food for others if you have diarrhoea or
are being sick (vomiting).
Cover any sores or cuts on your hands with a
waterproof plaster before you touch food.
Change dishcloths and tea towels regularly.
You should also wash your hands after touching pets or
animals, after visiting farms and after gardening, to help
avoid salmonella infection.

Cooking
Make sure that you cook food thoroughly, especially meat. This
will kill bacteria. Food should be cooked right through and be
piping hot in the middle.
If you are reheating food, it needs to be cooked right through
and be piping hot in the middle.
Don't reheat food more than once.
You should also wash raw fruits and vegetables before you eat
them. Don't drink water thought to be unsafe (including
avoiding drinks containing ice cubes that may have been made
from unsafe water). This includes untreated water from rivers,
lakes and streams. Drink pasteurised or boiled milk and avoid
raw eggs.

Chilling
Food that needs to be chilled or refrigerated should
be. If food is left out of the fridge, bacteria may
multiply to levels that can cause food poisoning.
Your fridge needs to be kept between 0C and 5C.
Also, don't leave the door open unnecessarily.
Cool leftover food quickly and then refrigerate. Taking
it out of the cooking pot and putting it into a shallow
container can speed the cooling process up.

Cross-contamination
This is when bacteria pass from foods (commonly raw foods)
to other foods. It can occur if foods touch directly, if one food
drips on to another, if your hands, or utensils or equipment,
such as knives or chopping boards, touch one food and then
another.
Wash your hands after touching raw foods.
Separate raw and cooked or 'ready-to-eat' foods.
Keep raw meat in a sealable container at the bottom of the
fridge.
Don't use the same surface or chopping board for preparing
raw and ready-to-eat foods.
Make sure that knives and utensils are cleaned after
preparing raw foods.

 In addition to these measures, as reptiles

and amphibians including terrapins and
tortoises can commonly carry salmonella
bacteria, you should not keep them in a
house where children under the age of 1
year live, or where someone with a
weakened immune system also lives.

Acaris lumbricoides
Bitok sa tiyan

 Common roundworm that infect humans

These worms inhabit the intestinal tract and
lungs of humans
Transmission:
lack of modern hygiene and sanitation
infrastructure
use of human feces for fertilizer
living in or visiting a warm climate
exposure to an outdoor environment where dirt
might be ingested (children)

Symptoms
Symptoms associated with roundworms in the
lungs include:
1. coughing or gagging
2. vomiting roundworms
3. wheezing or shortness of breath

Roundworms in your intestines cause the following

symptoms:
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.

nausea
vomiting
irregular stools
stomach or abdominal pain
weight loss

Treatment:
albendazole, ivermectin, mebendazole ,
surgery
Prevention
Promote effective hand washing,
particularly prior to preparing or
consuming food.

Entamoeba histolytica
Amoebiasis

 Leading cause of parasitic infection that

inflicts stomach aches
Transmission
fecally contaminated food, water, or
hands.
sexual transmission can also occur
Symptoms
loose stools (could be bloody), stomach
pain, and stomachcramping, fever

 Treatment
Metronidazole, furazolidone
Prevention
1. Thoroughly wash hands with soap and water after
using the bathroom and before handling food.
2. Thoroughly wash fruits and vegetables before eating.
3. Avoid eating fruits or vegetables unless you wash
and peel them yourself.
4. Stick to bottled water and soft drinks.
5. If you must drink water, boil it, or treat it with iodine.
6. Avoid ice cubes or fountain drinks.
7. Avoid milk, cheese, or other unpasteurized dairy
products.
8. Avoid food sold by street vendors.