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Lecture 32:
Superheat, Reheat, and
Cogeneration
Quiz Today?
Reading Assignment:
Homework Assignment:
Problems from Chap 8: 21,29, 49, 60
W
h1 h2
m
For the pump:
W&
h4 h3
m&
Q&
h6 h5
&c.w.
m
W&P
vdP
v3 p4 p3
m& int.rev
W cycle W T W P
Q
Q
in
in
10
Superheating:
It is not necessary to have the exit from the boiler be a
saturated vapor (xboiler exit = 1).
Operate the boiler, such that the exit of the boiler is a
superheated vapor.
11
12
This affects the Ideal Rankine Cycle model because there are additional states to
determine properties for, a second pass through the turbine, and a second heat
exchange with the boiler. Therefore, identify additional properties states (1, 2, 3,
and 4) and then rework the 1st law equations as applied to the turbine and boiler.
and
0 Q&reheat m&(h2 h3 )
Note: This rerouting will diminish the net work output. The
reduction in Qboiler should be less than the reduction of W cycle.
13
14
Mass Balance:
#2
m 1 m 2 m 3
m 2
y
m 1
Energy Balance:
consequently,
#1
#3
m 3
1 y
m 1
0 m i hi
0 m 2 h2 m 3 h3 m 1h1 m 2 h2 m 3 h5 m 1h6
m 3
m 2
m 1
0
h2
h5 h6 yh2 1 y h5 h6
m 1
m 1
m 1
Thus:
h6 h5
y
h2 h5
15
Energy balances:
For the turbines:
W T 1
h1 h2
and
Q out
1 y h3 h4
m
For the pump:
W P
h7 h6 1 y h5 h4
m
For the boiler:
Q in
h1 h7
W T 2
1 y h2 h3
16
Example (8.44): An Ideal Rankine cycle with the state properties given
below includes one open feedwater heater operating at 100 psi. Saturated
liquid exits the open feedwater heater at 100 psi. The mass flow rate of
steam into the first turbine state is 1.4 x 106 lbm/hr. Determine
(a) The net power developed, in Btu/hr.
(b) The thermal efficiency.
(c) The mass flow rate of cooling water,
if T = 20F.
State
T (F)
1100
p (psi)
1600
x
h (Btu/lbm)
s (Btu/lbm K)
100
100
100
1600
17
T (F)
1100
p (psi)
1600
x
h (Btu/lbm)
s (Btu/lbm K)
100
100
100
1600
18
State
T (F)
1100
1100
p (psi)
x
h
h (Btu/lbm)
(Btu/lbm)
s (Btu/lbm K)
s (Btu/lbm K)
1600
1600
100
100
100
100
1600
1600
s.h.
s.h.
0.812
0.00
liq.
0.00
liq.
1547.7
1210.7
911.2
69.74
70.04
298.6
303.5
1.6315
1.6315
1.6315
0.1327
0.4744
19
T (F)
1100
p (psi)
1600
100
100
100
1600
s.h.
s.h.
0.812
0.00
liq.
0.00
liq.
h (Btu/lbm)
1547.7
1210.7
911.2
69.74
70.04
298.6
303.5
s (Btu/lbm K)
1.6315
1.6315
1.6315
0.1327
0.4744
20
h6 h5 298.6 70.04
y
0.200 c
h2 h5 1210.7 70.04
therefore:
m&2 y m&1
T (F)
1100
p (psi)
1600
100
100
100
1600
s.h.
s.h.
0.812
0.00
liq.
0.00
liq.
h (Btu/lbm)
1547.7
1210.7
911.2
69.74
70.04
298.6
303.5
s (Btu/lbm K)
1.6315
1.6315
1.6315
0.1327
0.4744
21
T (F)
1100
p (psi)
1600
100
100
100
1600
s.h.
s.h.
0.812
0.00
liq.
0.00
liq.
h (Btu/lbm)
1547.7
1210.7
911.2
69.74
70.04
298.6
303.5
s (Btu/lbm K)
1.6315
1.6315
1.6315
0.1327
0.4744
22
(1.12 106 lbm / hr )(69.74 70.04) Btu / lbm 0.336 106 Btu / hr
Pump 2:
T (F)
1100
p (psi)
1600
100
100
100
1600
s.h.
s.h.
0.812
0.00
liq.
0.00
liq.
h (Btu/lbm)
1547.7
1210.7
911.2
69.74
70.04
298.6
303.5
s (Btu/lbm K)
1.6315
1.6315
1.6315
0.1327
0.4744
23
T (F)
1100
p (psi)
1600
100
100
100
1600
s.h.
s.h.
0.812
0.00
liq.
0.00
liq.
h (Btu/lbm)
1547.7
1210.7
911.2
69.74
70.04
298.6
303.5
s (Btu/lbm K)
1.6315
1.6315
1.6315
0.1327
0.4744
24
h3 h4
h3 h4
&
m3
hcwIn hcwOut
cH 2 0 (TcwIn TcwOut )
State
T (F)
1100
p (psi)
1600
100
100
100
1600
s.h.
s.h.
0.812
0.00
liq.
0.00
liq.
h (Btu/lbm)
1547.7
1210.7
911.2
69.74
70.04
298.6
303.5
s (Btu/lbm K)
1.6315
1.6315
1.6315
0.1327
0.4744
25
W m
W m
T
real
For Pump:
P
WP
h1 h2
h1 h2 S
S
m
h4 S h3
real
m
h4 h3
But, for a real process, the inefficiencies associated with combustion are
more significant. These, however, are external to the power cycle, so are
not analyzed as part of the Rankine Cycle analysis.
Cogeneration Systems
Cogeneration systems provide both electrical work out and process
steam or hot water for use by an end user which is often a commerical,
industrial, or governmental user.
Electricity provided
to the community
Steam exported to
the community
Cogeneration Systems
--Exporting useful steam to the community limits the electricity that also
can be provided from a given fuel input, however.
--For instance, to produce saturated vapor at 100oC (1 atm) for export to
the community water circulating through the power plant will condense
at a higher temperature and thus at a higher pressure.
--In such an operating mode thermal efficiency is less than when
condensation occurs at a pressure below 1 atm, as in a plant fully
dedicated to power production.
T > 100oC
p > 1 atm
As closing comment: You now have most of the tools you would need
to analyze some relatively complicated vapor power generation units
and be able to discuss their respective efficiencies or how to suggest
improvements in their performance... (not that you would want to).
28
29
So ends Chap 8!