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NAVIGATION VI
Objectives
At the end of the grading period, the students will be able
to demonstrates a knowledge and understanding of the
following:
Fundamental Principle of Radar
Safe Distance
Radiation Hazards and Precaution
Characteristics of Radar Sets and Factors Affecting
Performances
Factors External to the Radar Set Affecting Detection
Factors Causing Faulty Interpretation
Performance Standards Resolution 477(XII)
Fundamental Principle
of Radar
RADAR- derived from the phrase RADIO
DETECTION AND RANGING.
A short burst of electro magnetic energy
transmitted and hit to an object and then
return, since the velocity of the propagation
is known it would be easy to calculate
because the distance to the object as long
as it can measure time from which the
transmission started until the echo return.
Fundamental Principle
of Radar
Fundamental Principle
of Radar
LOW FREQUENCY
HIGH FREQUENCY
LOW FREQUENCY
HIGH FREQUENCY
RECEIVER
TRANSCEIVER
MAGNETRON
MIXER
1ST AMPLIFIER
TRANSMITTER
POWER
TRANSFORMER
MODULATOR
EQUALIZER
VIDEO AMPLIFIER
DISPLAY
TRIGGER
PARABOLIC TYPE
360
one
are
one
Safe Distance
IMPORTANT RADAR RANGE PARAMETERS
Antenna Height
Height of the Target
Size of the Target
Target Reflecting Area
Materials of the Target
Shape of the Target
Weather Condition
Safe Distance
FOLLOWING PARAMETERS MUST TAKEN INTO
ACCOUNT:
Transmitted Peak Power
Wavelength
Pulse Length
Antenna Gain
Noise Figure
Number of Pulses Per Scan
Wave Guide Loss
Display Parameters
Safe Distance
RANGE DISCRIMINATION
Safe Distance
BEARING DISCRIMINATION
Safe Distance
BEARING AND RANGE DISTORTION
The radars possibility to reproduce on area
or a ship correctly and to discriminate
between close lying targets is limited and
varies with different types of radar.
The discriminating ability in range is usually
25-75 meters, however the accuracy is
lower on long range.
Safe Distance
BEARING AND RANGE DISTORTION
The discriminating ability laterally is usually
1-2 degrees.
Radar sets with a wavelength of 3 cm have
a better discriminating ability compared with
the 1 cm wavelength.
RADAR BEACONS
Racon signal appears in PPI and provides bearing
and range of target.
MIDTERM
Objectives
At the end of the grading period, the students will
be able to demonstrates a knowledge and
understanding of the following:
Construct the relative motion triangle
Determine course, speed and aspect of other
ships
Determine the closest point of approach (CPA)
and time to closest approach (TCPA)
Determine the effect of course and speed changes
Report Radar Plot data
PLOTTING
Purpose of Plotting
1. It can show whether danger of collision exists, how close
will pass the target and how much time there is left
before this will take place.
2. Approximate determination of the course and speed of
the other vessel, so that sensible avoiding action can be
taken when needed.
Manual plotting in connection to radar means to mark
one or more echoes within a specific time interval and
thus decide the targets movement in relation to own
ship.
The objective of plotting is to obtain the clearest possible
picture of the situation.
PLOTTING
The Plotting Process
Detection- recognition of the presence of the
target.
Selection- choosing of target requiring closer
observation
Tracking- the process of observing changes in
target position
Plotting- the whole process of detection,
selection, tracking, calculation of targets
parameter
PLOTTING
Target Aspect
The aspect is defined as the angle of view
however, in connection with plotting we will use
the term Calculated Aspect in order to
distinguish between the two.
It can be defined as the angle between the target
ships heading and bearing to own ship, as seen
from the target ship.
In connection with plotting and use of radar and
ARPA, we had better define what we receive
from these systems as calculated aspect.
PLOTTING
Target Aspect
Target Ship
Aspect Red 40
Own Ship
PLOTTING
Relative Aspect
Relative speed is defined as the target speed
relative to own ship, as deducted from a number
of measurements of its range and bearing on the
radar, expressed as an angular distance from
own ships heading.
PLOTTING
Plotting Triangle
Knowledge of the speed triangle is essential for
understanding the principles used in plotting.
R
M
E
R - M = Echo Line/Relative Track
E M = Target Ship Course and Speed
E R = Own Ship Course and Speed
PLOTTING
Heading
Defined as the direction in which the bow of a
vessel is pointing, expressed as an angular
distance from north.
North
Heading 45
45 degrees
PLOTTING
Relative Bearing
If the relative bearing of an approaching target
remains the same over time, collision danger is
observed.
Relative Bearing
of Target 030 degrees
PLOTTING
True Bearing
On merchant ships, true bearing is mainly used
for position fixing.
North
PLOTTING
Bearing
On a ship bearing can be relative or true in
connection with traffic surveillance, relative
bearing are often used. Ships Heading
True North
Relative Bearing
015 degrees
Relative Bearing
PLOTTING
CPA (Closest Point on Approach)
CPA must not be mixed with the point where the
target crosses own ships heading, often referred
to as BCP (Bow Crossing Point)
TCPA
CPA
PLOTTING
TCPA (Time Closest Point on Approach)
TCPA is the time estimated as measured along
the echo line form its present position to the
closest point on approach.
TCPA
CPA
PLOTTING
Maneuvering Board
Plotting can be done with head up or north up
however, regardless of selected radar presentation
it is advantageous to plot with north up.
True Plotting
Gives a natural and easily understood picture of the
course of events.
Can be done directly in the chart if the scale is
large enough to give a clear picture.
Gives an easily understood picture of the situation
PLOTTING
Relative Plotting
Own ship is considered a fixed point. Plotting
must be done with high accuracy and great care.
Heavy traffic can make manual plotting
impossible.
PLOTTING
Electronic Plotting
Today many modern radars are equipped with an
electronic plotting feature. Used together with
EBL (Electronic Bearing Lines) is very good tool
in the hands of a qualified navigator. These radar
features make plotting direct on the radar display
very convenient and replace the need for
reflection plotter or plotting sheets.
PLOTTING
Errors in Manual Plotting
Even small errors in one or several of these
parameters can cause large and dangerous
errors in the plot calculations. Always check
these parameters as thoroughly as possible in
order to reduce the possibilities for nasty
surprises during manual plotting work.
PLOTTING
Sources of Errors in Manual Plotting
Bearing Error
Distance Error
Error in timing between plots
Error in speed
Gyro Error
Relative Speed
Maneuvering of own vessel
Unstable steering, yawing, etc.
Unstable Steering
Maneuvering of Own Ship
The Technical Exactness of the Equipment
Rough Weather Conditions
Target Relative Speed
The Navigators Experience and Lack of Plotting Practice
SEMI FINAL
Objectives
At the end of the grading period, the students will
be able to demonstrates a knowledge and
understanding of the following:
Principal ARPA System
ARPA system display characteristics
Methods of Displaying Information
IMO performance standards for ARPA
FINALS
Objectives
At the end of the grading period, the students will be able
to demonstrates a knowledge and understanding of the
following:
Theory of ARPA Tracking System
Tracking Window
Setting Up Maintaining Displays
Risk of Over -Reliance on ARPA
Tracking Window
The number of sweeps being digitized in each
tracking gate depends on the tracking
philosophy used by the actual ARPA
manufacturer. Several sweeps will always be
required.
In order to start digitizing the analogue radar
echo is not lost by too many scans during a
specified time, as this will result in rejection of
defining the echo as a possible target and no
further processing will be executed.
Tracking Window
To define the echo as a target of interest, a minimum
number of sweeps inside the gate must be defined
above the threshold. A good working and properly
turned ARPA tracking system should be capable of
acquiring all echoes, which can be seen by the human
eye.
Each of the radar echoes we want to plot must be
processed like this. The different ARPA manufacturers
us different position on digitized echo as reference for
further processing. Possible target reference points are:
The front edge
The center
Or the back of the digitized radar echo
Tracking Window
Sweep
Ship C
Course/Speed
Ship D
Course/Speed
Result
Correct
El. log
040-2,0
210-7,0
270-5,0
Calculation
Aspect
032-2,4
212-6,4
272-5,0
Small
Errors
Manual
119-1,22
204-8,7
248-5,6
Dangerous
Errors
Doppler
220-0,5
213-9,5
253-7,2
Dangerous
Errors
Doppler