Chng II

LIEN KET TRONG

TINH THE CHAT
RAN

I. CAC LOAI LIEN KET TRONG TINH THE

Cac nguyen t khi tien lai gan nhau e
tao thanh tinh the Co s tng tac gia
chung Nang lng cua toan he giam.
o giam nang lng nay xac nh nang
lng lien ket cua tinh the.
Nang lng lien ket khac nhau gia cac
loai tinh the:
Tinh the kh tr:
Elien ket = 0.02 0.2 eV/nguyen t

Tinh the kim loai kiem:

Elien ket = 1 eV/nguyen t

Tinh the nhom 4 nh Ge, Si:

Elien ket = 4 ; 5 7,36 eV/nguyen t

1. BAN CHAT CUA CAC LC TNG TAC TRONG TINH

THE

Khi cac nguyen t lai gan nhau, gia

cac nguyen t co the co cac tng
tac:
+ Tng tac hap dan.
+ Tng tac t.
+ Tng tac tnh ien.
Neu hp cac tng tac o lam nang
lng he giam lc hut gia cac
nguyen t se thang tinh the on nh.
Neu hp cac tng tac o lam nang
lng he tang lc ay thang tinh
the khong hnh thanh.

Gia os xet tng tac gia hai nguyen t

A
gan nhau
nhat cach nhau 3
+ Vi nguyen t nang nhat co A = 250
nang lng hap dan vao khoang:
Uhp dn ~ 2,4.10-32 eV
+Vi cac nguyen t co momen t c ban
bang magnetron Born nang lng tng
tac:
-6
U
~
7.10
t
+ Vi cac nguyen
t eV
co ien tch e:
nang lng hut tnh 2 ien:
e
Uien = Uhut ~ ~ -5eV

Nh vay:

Uien >> Ut >> Uhap dan

Vay nguon goc lien ket chnh trong tinh the

la tng tac tnh ien.

TNG TAC TNH IEN

Tng tac tnh ien trong tinh the
gom:
Tng tac
tac hut
hut gia
va tng
ay
Tng
cactac
ien
tch
trai dau:
electron hate 2nhan

Uhut ~ -

Tng tac ay gia cac ien tch

cung dau:
hat nhan hat nhan; electron
A
electron
Uay n

Trong o: A, =
n = hang so, n >> 1; r :
khoang cach gia hai nguyen t.

U ( r)

Vay: Nang lng tng tac gia hai

nguyen t gom:
U(r) = Uhut + Uay
Khi r = ro , U(ro) = Umin
ro = khoang cach
thc gia hai nguyen
t gan nhau nhat
trong tinh the.
Khi r 0 :
Uay >> Uhut U(r)
r0

Khi r :
Uay << Uh = 0 U(r)
0
U
min

AC LOAI LIEN KET TRONG CHAT RA

S khac biet gia cac loai lien ket
trong chat ran la do s phan bo
cua cac ien t hoa tr cua cac
nguyen t.
Khi a cac nguyen t lai gan nhau
e tao tinh the chat ran, chung co
phan
bo tch
lai cac
os
toan
ien
cua ien
he. t trong
cac
nguyen
t.
Qua
thoa
+ Xu
hng
sao
chotrnh
cacnay
nguyen
ieu
kien:
t co
lp vo ngoai cung ay
Tuy
e-. theo so electron hoa tr cua cac
nguyen t ma chung co the phan
bo lai electron bang cach: nhng,
hay thu, hay gop chung cac electron hay

CAC LOAI LIEN KET C BAN TRONG TINH THE

1-Lien ket Van der Waals
Lien ket yeu gia cac nguyen t trung hoa bi
tng tac Van der Waals London do s thang giang
trong phan bo ien tch cua cac nguyen t.
2-Lien ket ion
Cac nguyen t trao oi ien t hoa tr vi nhau
e tao thanh cac ion (+) va ion (-) lien ket
bang lc hut tnh ien cua cac ion trai dau.
3-Lien ket ong hoa tr
Lien ket gia cac nguyen t bang cach gop
chung cac electron hoa tr Cac nguyen t trung
hoa co s phan bo electron chum len nhau mot
phan.
4-Lien ket kim loai
Cac electron hoa tr c giai phong khoi nguyen
t va co the di chuyen t do trong tinh the. Cac
ion (+) c nam v tr nut mang.

II. V DU MINH HOA CHO CAC LOAI

LIEN KET TRONG CHAT RAN
1. TINH THE KH TR
A. IEN HNH
Cac tinh the kh tr nh He, Ne, Ar co lp vo
ien t hoa tr hoan toan ay, nang
lng ion hoa rat ln, nang lng lien ket
gia cac nguyen t rat yeu, khong u
lam bien dang cac lp vo electron cua
chung
tng tac chu yeu Van der Waals London

Xet hai nguyen t 1 va 2 cach nhau mot

khoang r nh
hnh.
Nguyen
Nguyen
t 1

p1

t 2

p2
r

Tng tac van der Waals

London

Gia s thi iem t, nguyen t 1 co

momen Plng
cc ien tc E
thi la

1
sinh ra mot ien trng
co o ln tai
tam cua nguyen t 2 la:
2P1
E 3
r

n lng cc ien cam ng tai nguyen t 2 la

2P1
P2 E 3
r
ng o = o phan cc ien

P1 P2
nang tng tac gia hai momen

P//
1

1 P1.P2 3(P1.r )(P2 .r )
U1 ( r )
3

4o r
r5

la:

P2 nen:

2P1P2
1 P1P2 3P1r.P2r
1 4P12
U1(r)

3
5
3

4 o r
4 o r6
r
4or

U1(r) = Uhut = -

C
r6

Tng tac hut

Nguyen t cang gan nhau lien ket cang

manh Tng tac Van der Waals Lon don
ong vai tro chnh trong cac lien ket cua

Khi a cac nguyen t lai gan nhau

hn co them tng tac ay co
dang:
A
Uay = 12
r

e nang tng tac toan phan:

C
A
r) = Uhut(r) + Uay(r) = - 6 + 12
r

Hay : U(r) =
Jones

4
r

12

= The Lennard

Trong o: C 46 ; A 412 la cac hang so

dng

U(r)
4

r0

Umin
The Lennard Jones
Vay: Tng tac Van der Waals London ong vai tro
chnh trong lien ket cua cac tinh the kh tr.

B. MOT SO TNH CHAT CUA

TINH THE KH TR
Lien ket cua tinh the kh tr la lien ket Van der
Waals tng tac hut xu hng cac nguyen t
keo ve mnh so cac nguyen t lan can toi a.
Tinh the co cau truc xep chat: lap phng tam
mat cho a so tinh the kh tr, va luc giac xep chat
vi tinh the He.
Cac tinh the kh tr la chat ien moi trong suot co
nang lng lien ket nho va nhiet o nong chay
thap, de nen.

ng lng lien ket cua cac tinh the kh tr

Gia s tinh the kh tr la mot tap hp cac

nguyen t nam tai nut mang, bo qua
ong nang cua chung
Nang lng tng tac cua nguyen t

cac nguyen t
nam tai goc toa o
vi
U U(ri )
con lai i trong tinh the la
i 1 the nang:

Vi:ri n i1a 1 n i 2 a 2 n i 3a 3
: khoang cach gia hai nut lan can gan nh
Nang lng tong cong trong tinh the co N
N
nguyen
t
(tc
la
co
cap
nguyen
2
N.Unang lng tng tac cua
t) bang tong
2 t
cac cap nguyen
Nang lng tng tac tnh tren mot
1 N.U U
nguyen t la:
u .

khac, theo the Lennard _ Jones ta co:

at ri = iR U(r) 4
r

4
u
2

12 6
2
ri ri

u 2
Vi An =

i 1 i

A 12
R

12

1 12
.
i

12

12

1
.
R i R

A 6.
R
6

hu thuoc Loai mang tinh the va n

n : An so lan can gan nhat.

mang lap phng tam mat An = 12.

Khi n giam An tang v co s
ong gop cua cac nguyen t
xa hn.

Khoang cach can bang Ro gia cac lan

can gan nhat c
U tnh t ieu kien:

R R o

A 12 12 .12 A 6 6 .6
U
2

11
5
R
R
R

12A 12 12 6A 6 6

11
Ro
R 5o

Ro 6

0
RRo

2A 12
. 1.09
A6

Ket qua l thuyet nay phu hp tot vi

ket qua thc nghiem oi vi cac nguyen
t co khoi lng ln, con oi vi cac
nguyen t co khoi lng nho th co s

Nang lng lien ket can bang

A12
thc:
R

2A12
TheR o 6 A .
6

12

A 6 .
u=
R

vao cong
2
, ta tnh c nang lng
12
6
lien ket can bang:

uo = 2

A12

uo =

2A12
.
A6

A 6 .

2A12
.
A6

A 62
A 62
A 62

8.6
2

2A12
4A12 2A12

Ket qua nay cung phu hp vi ket qua

thc nghiem oi vi cac nguyen t co
khoi lng ln.
Khi khoi lng giam co s sai lech
nhieu vi ket qua thc nghiem.

o cng cua tinh the B

o cng B cua tinh the la so o cua
nang lng can e lam bien dang tinh
the. Tinh the co B cang ln th cang
P
cng.
Nghch
ao
cua
B la o nen cua
eo nh ngha:
B = -V.
VT
tinh the.
V la the tch cua tinh the; P la ap suat.
nhiet o T = 0oK, ap
suat
2
U c tnh:
U
2
V

V
0
P=
B =T V.
U
Ta co: Nang lng cua mot hat: u =
N
V
U = Nu
tch cua mot hat:
v=
V = Nv
N
u
U
( Nu )

B = v.
B = Nv. V V Nv. ( Nv) . ( Nv)
v v

Vi mang lap phng tam mat, mot

1
o mang cha 4 hat va ta coi the tch
4
cua moi hat gan ung
la bang
3
a
v=
the tch o mang:
4
Mat khac, khoang cach gia 2 hat
gan nhau nhat la:
a 2
2

R=

a=
R
3

a3 R 2
R3

4
4
2
R
2

v 3R 2

dv =

1
2

3.R2dR

R 3 u R
.

=
.
2 v R v

R 3 u
2
. 2
B

2 v R 3R
R 3

u
2 R

.
.
2
R 3R v

R3

2 u
2 u 2

. 2
.

2
2
3R

R
3
R

R 2 2u
2 2 u

. 3.

2
2
3 R R
3 3R R
2 2 u 2 2 u

2
9R R
9R 2 R
2 1 2 u 2 u

2
2
9 R R
R R

2
. 2
3R

 khoang cach can bang, nang

lng la cc tieu nen ta co:

u
Khi R = Ro :
R
Bo

2 2u
=
9R o R 2 R R

Vi Ro =

0
R R o

2A 12

; u = 2
A12
A6
R

75
Do o: B = 3

12

A 6 .
R
6

2. TINH THE ION

A. IEN HNH
La cac Halogen kiem: NaCl, LiF, CsCl,
Cac nguyen t kim loai kiem co mot
electron hoa tr (VD: Na), con cac nguyen
t Halogen co 7 electron hoa tr (VD: Cl).
+ Nguyen t Na nhng 1 electron hoa tr
ion Na+ co 8 electron lp vo ngoai
cung.
+ Nguyen t Cl nhan 1 electron hoa tr
ion Cl- co 8 electron lp vo ngoai
cung.

Lien ket ion

B. TNH CHAT
Tng tac gia NaCl la tng tac hut
tnh ien gia cac ion trai dau.
Lien ket manh, khong co electron t do.
Cac tinh the lien ket ion khong dan
ien nhiet o thap, nhiet o cao
o dan ien tang.
Co iem nong chay cao, o cng ln,
hap thu hong ngoai.

NANG LNG LIEN KET

NANG LNG MANG UM
e

n gian , ta dung mo hnh cau truc cua

1 tinh the ion hoa tr I : NaCl
UM la nang lng can chi e tach tat ca cac
hat trong mang ra xa vo han.
UM la 1 ai lng ac trng trong tinh the lien
quan ti cac tnh chat cua tinh the: o nen,
o gian n nhiet, nhiet o nong chay, o
ben c hoc

THE TAC DUNG CUA CHUOI MANG

LEN HAT X

The tac dung cua na chuoi

2
2
2
mang len
hat
x
e
e
e

1 k(

2R

3R

...)

e2
1 1
1 k (1 ...)
R
2 3
2

x 1
6

e
e
1 1 0,6935
R
R

the nang tac dung cua ca chuoi

len x bang 2 lan the nang tac dung

THE TAC DUNG CUA MAT

MANG LEN X
The tac dung cua na mat
2 x:
2
2
mang len
e
2e
2e

2 k(

...)

R R 2 R 5
e2
2
2
2 k (1

...)
R
2
5
2
2
e
e
2 2
0,1144
R
R

The tac dung cua ca mat mang

len x bang 2 lan the tac dung cua
na mat mang len x.

THE TAC CUA MANG KHONG

GIAN LEN X

The tac cua na mang

2 x:
2
khong gian len
e
e
3 3
0,0662
R
R
The tac dung cua ca mang
khong gian len x bang 2 lan the
tac dung cua na mang len x.
Do o, the cua toan mang tinh
the tac dung len x:
= 2(1 + 2 + 3)

Nang lng mang khi mang co

2
NA hat la:
e
UM = - NA = 2NA(1 + 2 + 3 )
R

t: M = 2(1 + 2 + 3 ) = hang so Made

Nang lng mang :
2

e
UM = MNA R

M la mot tha so hnh hoc, cac

vat chat khac nhau, nhng co cung
cau truc th co M giong nhau.

 Nang lng lien ket tren

2
2
e
e
mot ion:
u M
1,7476
R
R
+ Nang lng mang cua 1 hp
chat ion vi hoa tr ion bat ky
Z1, Z2 la:
e2
U M N A Z1Z2

ng lng lien ket tren mot ion:

2

e
u M Z1Z2
R

O CNG CUA TINH

THE ION
Tng t, ta co the tnh c o
cng cua tinh the
ion:
2

e R 0

B
2
4
18R 0

Vi = const co th nguyen la
n v chieu dai.

3.TINH THE ONG HOA TR

A. IEN HNH
Cac nguyen to thuoc nhom IV trong bang
phan loai tuan hoan nh Ge, Si, C
Moi nguyen t nay co 4 electron hoa tr,
khi lien ket vi nhau chung gop 4 electron
hoa tr vi 4 nguyen t lan can tao
thanh 4 lien ket ong hoa tr moi lien
ket co 2 electron hoa tr.
LIEN KET ONG HOA TR

Quanh mot nguyen t bat k co 4 nguyen

t lan can nam tai nh cua hnh t
dien ma nguyen t ang xet nam tam
cua t dien o kieu mang kim cng.

B. TNH CHAT
Lien ket ong hoa tr manh.
Elk khoang bang nang lng lien ket
cua lien ket ion.
ac iem noi bat cua lien ket ong
hoa tr la tnh nh hng cua tinh
the.
Co nhiet o nong chay cao, o ran
va o ben cao, o deo thap, o
dan ien thap nhiet o thap.

4. TINH THE KIM LOAI

A. IEN HNH
La cac nguyen to nhom 1 trong bang
phan loai tuan hoan. VD: K, Li, Na
Moi nguyen t ch co 1 electron hoa
tr lien ket yeu vi ion.
Khi cac nguyen t lai gan nhau tao
thanh tinh the, electron hoa tr thoat
khoi nguyen t (v ham song phu
nhau) tr thanh cac electron t do trong
toan mang tinh the Cac electron
dan.
LIEN KET KIM LOAI

B. TNH CHAT
Co tnh dan ien tot.
Nang lng lien ket nho so vi nang
lng lien ket ion.
Khoang cach gia cac nguyen t
tng oi ln cac ion nut mang
co the dch chuyen tng oi xa ma
khong b pha v lien ket o deo
cao, de uon, dat, keo si.
Kim loai nang co lien ket chac chan
nhiet o nong chay cao, o ben c
hoc ln.
Cau truc: cac nguyen t co xu
hng keo ve mnh toi a cac nguyen
t khac
hnh thanh cau truc xep chat: lap
phng tam mat

V DU
Cu lap phng tam mat
Mg luc giac xep chat.
Mn lap phng tam khoi