Professional Documents
Culture Documents
BBA - 5
Improves people’s ability to acquire and use information
Deepens their understanding and enriches their mind by
broadening their experiences
Enables people to create, innovate and enlarge the
opportunities for their personal and social achievements
Effects productivity and promotes entrepreneurship
Positively Influences:
Labour Productivity
Employment
Standard of Living
Trade and Technology
Health
Income Distribution
Family Structure and Urbanization
Due to rapid population growth and inability of the
formal education system to bring all children into
school, illiterate population has increased from 22
million in 1961 to 48 million by 2005. It is feared that
by 2015, illiterate population in Pakistan may rise to
52 million
Approximately 79% of Pakistani children between the
ages of 10-16 are out of school
Nearly half the adult population is illiterate -with
approximately 42% of Pakistani women unable to
read
According to the Pakistan’s National Education
Census, 2005, 23% urban and 21% rural areas have
no educational facilities
Pakistan ranks among the bottom five countries of the
world, as far as the public expenditure on education,
as a percentage of total public spending is concerned
Despite the government’s claims that education is its
top priority, public spending on it during 2008-09 to
2.7% of the GDP against the UNESCO-recommended
norm of a minimum of 4%.
Some one third of primary school age children remain
out of school, a proportion that rises to some three
quarters for secondary school children
Clearly Pakistan is some distance away from
achieving universal schooling even at the primary
level
Literacy remains higher in urban areas (71%) than in rural
areas (49%) and more in men (69%) compared to women
(44%)
According to the PSLM Survey 2007-08, the overall school
attendance (age 10 years and above) is 58% (71% for male
and 46% for female) in 2007-08
The Gender Parity Index (GPI) is the ratio of females’
enrolment to the males’ enrolment. A GPI of more than one
indicates that, in proportion, to every male in the school,
there is more than one female. The GPI for Pakistan as a
whole in 2007- 08, is 0.64
GPI is high in Punjab (0.69) followed by Sindh (0.61), NWFP
(0.49) and Balochistan (0.35). The lower GPI in NWFP and
Balochistan calls for immediate attention by the policy
makers at both federal and provincial levels.
Commitment Gap
2.7% of GDP
Very low budget allocation
The public sector schools were of a good standard up to
’70s but then the neglect started to eat away at a
valuable resource of the country.
The commitment gap is all too visible in the successive
governments’ neglect of the public sector schools which
serviced the middle and lower income groups.
These groups were eventually denied the justice to
acquire a meaningful education for social and economic
mobility up the ladder of success.
In today’s Pakistan, the divide between the rich and the
poor is so great that it negates the concept of the welfare
state that the founding fathers had envisioned.
Implementation Gap
• Mismanagement of allocation and use of resources
• Amounts of allocated development funds remaining
unutilized.
• Lack of planning
• Lack of centralized body consisting of private/public
• Lack of accountability
• Lack of constant monitoring of reform efforts
Low access rate
lack of confidence in the public sector schools to deliver quality
education
parents either shift their kids to private schools or absorb additional
financial burden by arranging private tuitions.
If neither is affordable the households prefer to have their children
drop out from school and join income earning activities.
The average student of the public sector education system cannot
compete in the job market.
This leads to social exclusion of the already poor.
The decline has primarily resulted from the political interference and
corrupt practices in recruitments, transfers and postings.
Teachers absenteeism, ghost schools, cheating in examinations are a
widespread phenomenon.
Primary sufferers are the most poor and underprivileged in the system.
Those who make it to higher education in the public sector cannot get
employment due to absence of merit or poor quality of their
educational abilities
Equity in education
The national education system set up after Partition in 1947 only
lacked uniformity in the media of instruction.