4.

2 Digital Transmission
Outlines

Pulse Modulation (Part 2.1)

Pulse Code Modulation (Part
2.2)
Delta Modulation (Part 2.3)
Line Codes (Part 2.4)

Sampling analog information signal

Converting samples into discrete pulses
Transport the pulses from source to
destination over physical transmission
medium.

Contd...
Four (4) Methods
1. PAM
2.
3.
4.

PWM
PPM
PCM

Analog Pulse Modulation

Digital Pulse Modulation

Contd...
Analog Pulse Modulation
Carrier signal is pulse waveform and
the modulated signal is where one of
the carrier signals characteristic
(either amplitude, width or position) is
changed according to information
signal.

Pulse Amplitude Modulation (PAM)

The amplitude of pulses is varied in accordance with the
information signal.
Width & position constant.

Pulse Width Modulation (PWM)

Sometimes called Pulse Duration
Modulation (PDM).
The width of pulses is varied in accordance
to information signal.
Amplitude & position constant.

Contd...

Pulse Position Modulation (PPM)

Modulation in which the temporal positions of the pulses
are varied in accordance with some characteristic of the
information signal.
Amplitude & width constant.

Advantages & Drawbacks of Pulse

Modulation
Noise immunity.
Relatively low cost digital
circuitry.
Able to be time division
multiplexed with other
pulse modulated signal.
Storage of digital streams.
Error detection &
correction

Requires greater BW to
transmit & receive as
compared to its analog
counterpart.
Special encoding &
decoding methods must be
used to increased
transmission rates & more
difficult to be recovered.
Requires precise
synchronization of clocks
between Tx & Rx.

Sampling
A process of taking samples of information
signal at a rate of Nyquists sampling
frequency.
Nyquists Sampling Theorem :
The original information signal can be reconstructed at the receiver
with minimal distortion if the sampling rate in the pulse modulation
system equal to or greater than twice the maximum information
signal frequency.

fs >= fm (max)

Contd...
Two basic techniques used to
perform the sampling function:
Natural sampling
Flat-top sampling

Natural Sampling
Tops of the sample pulses retain their
natural shape during the sample interval.
Frequency spectrum of the sampled output
is different from an ideal sample.
Amplitude of frequency components
produced from narrow, finite-width sample
pulses decreases for the higher harmonics
Requiring the use of frequency equalizers

Natural Sampling

Flat-top Sampling
Common used in PCM systems.
Accomplish in a sample-and-hold circuit
To periodically sample the continually
changing analog input voltage & convert to
a series of constant-amplitude PAM voltage
levels.

The input voltage is sampled with a

narrow pulse and then held relatively
constant until the next sample is taken.

Contd
Sampling process alters the frequency
spectrum & introduces aperture error.
The amplitude of the sampled signal
changes during the sample pulse
time.
Advantages:
Introduces less aperture distortion
Can operate with a slower ADC

Flat-top Sampling

END OF PART 2.1