Banun Kusumawardani

Dept. Biomedical Sciences

Faculty of Dentistry
Univ. Jember

Anatomy of periodontal tissues and cellular biology of inflammatory bone loss. The periodontal tissues surrounding the
tooth include epithelium, connective tissue, periodontal ligament (PDL), and alveolar bone. Inset depicts cell responses
to bacterial plaque biofilm on the root surface. Polymorphonuclear lymphocytes (PMNs) and macrophages (M) secrete
inflammatory cytokines and matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) to increase the immune response and degrade
connective tissue matrix. Osteoclastogenesis is induced to these stimuli to increase bone resorption through
RANKL/RANK system.

The overall histological image of the control animal. Junctional

epithelium was located at the cemento-enamel junction level.
Parallel and well organized fiber attachments were observed
below the epithelium with minimal inflammatory cell infiltration
(A) H&E stain, 200, (B) H&E stain, 400

Comparative maxillary
histology (hematoxylin and
eosin) of alveolar bone sections
from maxilla of rat infected with
P. gingivalis and/or T. denticola
at 12 weeks. (a) from shaminfected control rat displaying
minimal inflammation, lack of
migration of junctional
epithelium (JE) and minimal
inflammation in the connective
tissue (CT); (b) from the P.
gingivalis infected rat showing
prominent epithelium
hyperplasia (EH), migration of
JE and increase in number of
blood vessels (BV) (indicated by
black arrows); (c) from the T.
denticola infected rat also
exhibits migration of JE and EH;
and (d) from the mixed
infection with P. gingivalis + T.
denticola infected rat
demonstrates dense
inflammation (DI) (indicated by
white arrows) along with
migration of JE. JE indicates
junctional epithelium, CT
connective tissue, EH epithelial
hyperplasia, BV blood vessels,
DI dense inflammation. All
images at 20 magnification

Histological view of the periodontal tissues (HE staining). No pathological changes are
evident in the control group (A). The periodontitis group (B) showed alveolar bone
resorption (distance between the white lines), apical migration of junctional
epithelium (asterisk) and infiltration of polymorphonuclear leukocytes in the
connective tissue adjacent to the junctional epithelium [arrows in (C) where (C) shows
the area in the black box of (B) magnified]. The vitamin C group showed alveolar bone
resorption (white lines) and apical migration of junctional epithelium (asterisk), and
decreased infiltration of polymorphonuclear leukocytes (arrows in (E) where (E) shows
the area in the black box of (D) magnified). Arrowheads show cemento-enamel
junction: AB, alveolar bone; CT, connective tissue; D, dentin. Scale bar=200m (A, B

Absence of pathological changes in dental and periodontal tissues

in control group. Animals were evaluated for dental and periodontal
histological changes at 1 (a, b), 3 (c, d), 6 (e, f), 9 (g, h) and 12 (i, j)
months

Diagnosis of Periodontal
Diseases

General Classification of Periodontal

Diseases and Conditions*

Than
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