Dr.

Ardhiyanti PR
Medical School of
Al Azhar Islamic University
Mataram 2013

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Describe the formation and differentiation of

the neural tube.
Mention the derivatives of the neural crest.
Mention the development of the brain vesicles
Discuss the derivatives of both basal (motor)
and alar (sensory) laminas in the brain stem.
Define the development of the brain
Recognize the development of the cerebellum.
Describe the formation and development of
nervous cells.
Report its congenital anomalies.

The central nervous

system (CNS) appears at
the beginning of the
third week.

It is developed from the

ectoderm dorsal to the
notochord as a plate of
thickened ectoderm, the
neural plate, in front of
the primitive node.

The lateral margins of

the neural plate become
raised to form the neural
folds, while the median
part becomes depressed
to form the neural
groove.
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Anterior
Neuropore: closes
at day 25 (18-20
somite stage) and
becomes the
lamina terminalis.
Failure of the
anterior neruropore
to close results in
anencephaly.
Posterior
Neuropore: closes
at day 27.
Failure of the
posterior neuropores
to close results in
spina bifida.

The neural tube gives rise to the central

nervous system: It is divided into:
a cranial enlarged part that forms the
brain
a caudal tubular part which forms the
spinal cord.
Its cavity gives rise to the ventricles of
the brain and the central canal of the
spinal cord.

 Some

cells at
the at the top
of the neural
fold become
specialized,
on each side
to form the
neural crest.

 Tissues derived from the neural crest:

The (cells) neurons of the dorsal root

ganglia.
The (cells) neurons of the sensory ganglia
of the cranial nerves.
The (cells) neurons of the autonomic
ganglia.
The cells of the supra renal medulla
(Chromaffin cells).
Schwann cells (neurolemmal sheath cells).
Pia and arachnoid matter.
Pigment cells of the skin (melanocytes).
Odontoblasts.
Skeletal and connective components of
the pharyngeal arches.
Parafollicular cells.

Vesicle Development:
1- the primary vesicles:
The three primary brain
vesicles (forebrain,
midbrain &hindbrain)
and two associated
flexures:
a. Cephalic flexure is
located between the
Prosencephalon and the
rhombencephalon.
b. Cervical flexure is
located between the
rhombencephalon and
the future spinal cord,
develop during the 4th
week.
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2- Secondry Vesicles:
A. Prosencephalon
(forebrain): It is associated
with the appearance of the
optic vesicles.
-It gives rise to the
telencephalon and the
diencephalon.
B. Mesencephalon
(midbrain)
It remains as the
mesencephalon.
C. Rhombencephalon
(hindbrain): It gives rise to
the metencephalon, which
forms the pons and the
cerebellum and the
myelencephalon
which

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Primary
Vesicle

Primary Division

Subdivision

Adult Structures

Forebrain
vesicle

Prosencephalon
(forebrain)

Telencephalon

Cerebral hemisphere, basal

ganglia, hippocampus

Diencephalon

Thalamus, hypothalamus, pineal

body, infundibulum

Midbrain
vesicle

Mesencephalon
(midbrain)

Mesencephalon
(midbrain)

Tectum, tegmentum, crus cerebri

Hindbrain
vesicle

Rhombencephalon
(hindbrain)

Metencephalon

Pons, cerebellum

Myelencephalon

Medulla oblongata
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. Five
secondary
brain vesicles
(with four
ventricles)
become visible
in week 6 of
development;
the brain
vesicles are the
primordial of
the five major
brain divisions:

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a lateral diverticulum called the

optic vesicle appears on
each side of the forebrain.
That part of the forebrain that
lies rostral to the optic vesicle is
the telencephalon, and the
remainder is the
diencephalon.
The telencephalon now
develops a lateral diverticulum
on each side of the cerebral
hemisphere, and its cavity is
known as the lateral ventricle.

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The diencephalon, which develops from

the median portion of the
prosencephalon, is thought to consist of
a roof plate and two alar plates.
The cavity of the diencephalon forms the
greater part of the third ventricle.
Its roof shows pineal body. The remainder
of the roof forms the choroid plexus of the
third ventricle.
In the lateral wall of the third ventricle,
the thalamus & hypothalamus arise as
thickening of the alar plate on each side.

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The
rhombencephalon
is made up of the:

pons, cerebellum
& medulla
oblongata.

The
rhombencephalon
consists of the
myelencephalon,
the most caudal of
the brain vesicles,
gives rise to medulla
oblongata,& the
metencephalon,
which extends from
the pontine flexure to
the rhombencephalic
isthmus, gives rise to
pons &cerebellum.
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- The medulla oblongata develops from the

caudal part of rhombencephalon.
It contains:
in its base the pyramids (corticospinal
tracts).

Sulcus limitans separates Alar

(sensory) lateral in position from
basal (motor) plates:

Alar plate (sensory) neuroblasts:

give rise to the following:

1.

a. Solitary nucleus, which forms special

visceral afferent (taste-SVA) column.
b. Spinal nucleus trigeminal, which forms
the general somatic afferent (GSA)
column.
c. Cochlear and vestibular nuclei
They form the special somatic afferent
(SSA) column.
d. gracile and cuneate nuclei
e. Inferior olivary nuclei

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2. Basal plate (motor) neuroblasts:

give rise to the following:
a. Hypoglossal nucleus, which forms the general
somatic efferent (GSE) column.
b. Nucleus ambiguous, which forms the special
visceral efferent (SVE) column (CN IX, CN X, and
CN XI). muscles arising from pharyngeal arches.
c. Dorsal motor nucleus of the vagal nerve
(CN X) and the inferior salivatory nucleus of
the glossopharyngeal nerve (CN IX), which
form the general visceral efferent (GVE)
column. Parasympathetic
Roof plate:
- forms the roof of the fourth ventricle.
- is the tela choroidea, a layer of ependymal cells
covered with pia mater.
- is invaginated by pial vessels to form the choroid
plexus of the fourth ventricle.
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 The

metencephalon
gives rise to the
pons and
cerebellum.

Cerebellum:

The dorsolateral
parts of the alar
plates bend
medially and form
the rhombic lips

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Alar plate (sensory)

neuroblasts:
give rise to the
following:
a. Solitary nucleus,
which forms the
SVA column (taste) of
CN VII.
b. Cochlear and
vestibular nuclei,
which form the SSA
column of CN VIII.
c. Spinal nucleus of
trigeminal nerve,
which forms the GSA
column of CN V.
d. Pontine nuclei:
which consist of
cerebellar relay nuclei
(pontine gray).
1.

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- The midbrain develops

from the walls of the
mesencephalic vesicle.
- It contains the cerebral
aqueduct, which
develops from the
mesencephalic cavity.
A. Alar plate
neuroblasts form the
cell layers of the
superior colliculi and
the nuclei of the
inferior colliculi.
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B. Basal plate neuroblasts:

give rise to the following:
1. Trochlear and oculomotor nuclei of
CN IV and CN III, which form the GSE
column.
2. Edinger-Westphal nucleus of CN III,
which forms the most rostral cell group of
the GVE column.
3. Substantial nigra.
4. Basis pedunculi (crus cerebri)
- contains corticobulbar, corticospinal and
corticopontine fibers, derived from the
cerebral cortex of the telencephalon
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Neural tube first lined by single layer of

cells
Proliferate to form several layers

Matrix layer
Mantle layer
Marginal layer

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Stages in the formation of a nerve cell are:

Apolar neuroblast
Bipolar neuroblast
Unipolar neuroblast
Multipolar neuroblast
Axon and dendrites

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Neuroglial cells are also formed from

germinal cells of the ependymal layer
Glioblasts migrate in to mantle and
marginal layer as medulloblasts
They differentiate either into astroblasts or
oligodendroblasts
Microglial cells are mesodermal in origin

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Nerve fibers which remain with in the brain

and spinal cord receives support from and
are ensheathed by neuroglial cells
Peripheral nerves special sheath called the
neurolemma derived from schwann cells
Myelin of the CNS derived from
oligodendrocytes

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results from failure of the

cephalic part of the neural
tube to close (failure of the
anterior neuropore to close), the
lamina terminalis fails to
develop.
occurs when:
The brain fails to develop,
A rudimentary brain stem is
usually present
The vault of the skull does not
form.
Occurs once in every 10001500 births.
is the most common serious birth
defect seen in stillborn fetuses.

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In cases of neural tube defects as in

anencephaly: Serum alpha-fetoprotein
(AFP) levels increase in amniotic fluid and
maternal serum.
up to 70% of these cases can be prevented
by having women take 400 g of folic acid
per day before and during pregnancy.

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Hydrocephalus:
is a dilation of the ventricles due to an
excess of CSF.
may result from blockage of CSF
circulation or overproduction of CSF.
Aqueductal stenosis is the most common
cause of congenital hydrocephalus; it may be
transmitted by an X-linked trait or may be
caused by cytomegalovirus infection or
toxoplasmosis.
Communicating hydrocephalus results from
obstruction distal to the ventricles.
Non communicating hydrocephalus results
from obstruction within the ventricle system
(e.g., aqueductal occlusion).
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1)

2)
3)
4)

Hydrocephalus is
typically characterized
by:
The cranial sutures are
widely separated, and
the anterior fontanelle is
much enlarged.
Enlargement of the head.
The veins of the scalp
are distended .
The eyes look downward.

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include the following variations:

cranial meningocele,
meningoencephalocele and
meningohydroencephalocele.

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Microcephaly
- The cranial vault is
smaller than normal.
- It is due to defect in
brain development
which may be due to
genetic disease,
postnatal infections or
exposures to drugs and
other teratogens.
- Impaired mental
development occurs in
more than half the
cases.
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Thank You
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