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PLANES
DIRECTIONS
From the law of rational indices developed by French Physicist and mineralogist
Abb Ren Just Hay
and popularized by
William Hallowes Miller
(4,3)
(0,0)
5a + 3b
b
a
[001]
[011]
[101]
[010]
[111]
[1 10]
[100]
[110]
Family of directions
Index
<100>
3x2=6
<110>
6 x 2 = 12
<111>
4x2=8
Symbol
Alternate
symbol
[]
<>
[[ ]]
Particular direction
Family of directions
(0,3,0)
(2,0,0)
Intercepts 1
Plane (100)
Family {100} 3
Intercepts 1 1
Plane (110)
Family {110} 6
Intercepts 1 1 1
Plane (111)
Family {111} 8
(Octahedral plane)
(111)
Family of {111} planes within the cubic unit cell
d111 a / 3 a 3 / 3
The (111) plane trisects the body diagonal
Direction
number of parts
[100]
[010]
[001]
(100)
[011]
(k + l)
(010)
[101]
(l + h)
(001)
[110]
(h + k)
[111]
(h + k + l)
The portion of the central (111) plane as intersected by the various unit cells
Summary of notations
Alternate
symbols
Symbol
Direction
Plane
Point
[]
[uvw]
<>
<uvw>
()
(hkl)
{}
{hkl}
..
.xyz.
::
:xyz:
Particular direction
Family of directions
Particular plane
(( ))
Family of planes
[[ ]]
Particular point
Family of point
[[ ]]
d hkl
a
h k l
2
Condition
h even
midpoint of a
(k + l) even
(h + k + l) even
body centre
midpoint of body diagonal
Index
Number of
members in a
cubic lattice
(100)
d100 a
(110)
12
d110 a / 2 a 2 / 2
(111)
d111 a / 3 a 3 / 3
(210)
24
(211)
24
(221)
24
(310)
24
(311)
24
(320)
24
(321)
48
dhkl
Multiplicity factor
Cubic
Hexagonal
Tetragonal
Orthorhombic
Monoclinic
Triclinic
hkl
48*
hk.l
24*
hkl
16*
hkl
8
hkl
4
hkl
2
hhl
24
hh.l
12*
hhl
8
hk0
4
h0l
2
hk0
24*
h0.l
12*
h0l
8
h0l
4
0k0
2
hh0
12
hk.0
12*
hk0
8*
0kl
4
hhh
8
hh.0
6
hh0
4
h00
2
h00
6
h0.0
6
h00
4
0k0
2
* Altered in crystals with lower symmetry (of the same crystal class)
00.l
2
00l
2
00l
2
Intercepts 1 1 -
Plane (1 1 2 0)
(h k i l)
i = (h + k)
a2
a1
a3
a2
a1
Intercepts 1 -1
Intercepts 1 -1
Miller (1 1 0 )
Miller (0 1 0)
Miller-Bravais (1 1 0 0 )
Miller-Bravais (0 1 1 0)
a3
a2
Intercepts 1 -2 -2
Plane (2 1 1 0 )
a1
Intercepts 1 1 -
Plane (1 1 2 0)
Intercepts 1 1 - 1
Plane (1 1 2 1)
Intercepts 1 1 1
Plane (1 0 1 1)
Directions
Directions are projected onto the basis vectors to determine the components
[1120]
a1
a2
a3
Projections
a/2
a/2
Normalized wrt LP
1/2
1/2
Factorization
Indices
[1 1 2 0]
U u t
V v t
1
u (2U V )
3
W w
1
v (2V U ) t (u v)
3
w W
Directions Planes
Cubic system: (hkl) [hkl]
Tetragonal system: only special planes are to the direction with same indices:
[100] (100), [010] (010), [001] (001), [110] (110)
([101] not (101))
Orthorhombic system:
[100] (100), [010] (010), [001] (001)
Hexagonal system: [0001] (0001)
(this is for a general c/a ratio; for a Hexagonal crystal with the special c/a ratio
= (3/2) the cubic rule is followed)
Monoclinic system: [010] (010)
Other than these a general [hkl] is NOT (hkl)