CCNSP V2.0ael Module 1

Cyberoam Certified Network & Security Profess
training.cyberoam.com
Copyright 2012 Cyberoam Technologies Pvt. Ltd. All Righ
Introduction > About Myself

Ravi Pithawala
Pre-sales Consultant
Cyberoam India
Email: ravi.pithawala@cyberoam.com
Learning
Cyberoam Introduction
Established in 1999
650+ Employees
Sales, Distribution Channel and Customers across 125+
Countries
Amongst the top 3 global players for network security
features
Patent for Identity-based Management
Introduction > Please Introduce Yourself

Your Name
Your Expectation From this Course
Learning
Introduction > Training Kits

Verify your Take Away
CCNSP Guide
Quick Start Guide
Writing pads
Learning
Introduction > Schedule/Breaks

Sessions starts at 10:00 hours
Breaks
Refreshments (around 11:30 hours)
Lunch (around 13 hours)
Refreshments (around 15:30 hours)
Sessions ends at 17:30 hours
Learning
Introduction > Training Pre-requisites

There are no Pre-requisites for this course
Learning
Introduction > Organization of Presentation

Current Learning Module
Topic/Subtopic in the Module
Learning
Module 1 Interworking Technologies
Learning
Module 1 > Networking Basics > What is Communication?

a Computer
Message
? Network ?
A network is a data communication system that allows users

and devices to communicate with each other. A network that
contains computers as a part of devices is known as a
Computer Network. When a message is sent across from one
point to another point, we say that communication has taken
place.
A message is a term used for the information and a single unit

of communication transmitted over a network. A message can
be anything like an email (Electronic Mail), a file, an image, or
any piece of information. A PC or any other machine which is
capable of processing information is known as a network node.
In a communication process minimum 2 PCs or devices are

involved. The device which initiates the communication is
known as a sender and the device which receives the message
is a receiver. Sender and Receiver are connected to each other
via a medium or media which is generally in the form of wires
Learning
(nowadays, wireless).
Module 1 > Networking Basics > Types of Media
Learning
Module 1 > Networking Basics > Guided Media > Fiber-Optic

Twisted Pair
Co-Axial
Guided Media are those types of media that provide a conduit

from one point to another on the network.
Example
Twisted Pair Cable

Co Axial Cable
Fiber Optic
Learning
Module 1 > Networking Basics > Unguided Media
The unguided media is usually the wireless medium and it can

be in the form of radio waves and micro waves
Example
Wi-Fi
Learning
Module 1 > Networking Basics > Modes of Transmission
There are three types of strategies used for data transmission

between two communicating machines
1. Simplex
2. Half Duplex
3. Full Duplex
A
A
B
B
A sends to B only
Data
data can travel in
both
both
the
directions
directions,
but simultaneously.
only one at a time.
AAsend
sendto
toBBthen,
and. B sends to A
Learning
Module 1 > Networking Basics > Standardization

How systems on different platforms
communicate?
Two systems may be on different types of operating systems, or

may have completely different set of hardwares
Protocols are a set of rules which is followed by each

communicating system on a network
ARP (Address Resolution Protocol) is used to find out the address

of the systems involved in communication
With ARP it is possible to find out the physical address (MAC) of

the sender and receiver
ARP is responsible for converting the address of communicating
systems into machine readable form (i.e. binary)
Standardization is a set of rules laid down by standards

organizations which has to be followed by any vendor relating a
technical standard, specification, a test method, procedure, or
definition, etc.
Learning
Module 1 > Standards Organizations
ISO
ITU
International Telecommunication Union
IEEE
International Standards Organization
Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers
IETF
Internet Engineering Task Force
Learning
Module 1 > OSI Reference Model
The OSI Reference Model is developed by the ISO
It is a Seven Layered Model showing interconnection between

two communicating systems
Learning
Module 1 > OSI Reference Model (Continued)
The seven layers of OSI Model
Physical
Data Link
Network
Transport
Session
Presentation
Application
Learning
Module 1 > TCP/IP Suite
The Five layers
Physical
Data Link
Network
Transport
Application
The Comparision
Learning
Module 1 > What is Internetwork?
Internetwork is network of networks.
An organizations network is its own private network, On

connecting two or more of these networks, it becomes an
internetwork.
Example:
Learning
Module 1 > Protocols used in Communication
Protocols are set of rules used for communication.
Various protocols are used at all levels of the OSI Reference

Model
Example:
IP
ICMP
TCP
UDP
Learning
Module 1 > Types of Network
Based on the geographical area covered by a network, there are

three basic types of network
LAN
MAN
WAN
Learning
Module 1 > Types of Network > LAN
A Local Area Network is a very high speed network that covers a

small area like a home, school, computer laboratory, or an office
building. A LAN is used to connect workstations, printers,
servers, and other devices. The basic advantage offered by a
LAN is the sharing of resources.
Over the period of time, to access a LAN there are two access
methods
1.
Ethernet
2.
Token Passing
Learning
Module 1 > Types of Network > Types of Transmission
Unicast
Multicast
Broadcast
Learning
Module 1 > Types of Network > Types of Topologies
There are many different ways of connecting the computers

together in a network, which is also known as a Topology
Mesh
Star
Tree
Bus
Ring
Learning
Module 1 > Types of Network > Interconnecting Devices
Interconnecting devices are used to connect multiple devices

working on same or different environment (hardware &
software)
Gateways
Gateways
Routers
Bridges
Repeaters
operate
operate
operate
at at
at
thethe
the
data
network
link
Session,
layer
physical
(Layer
layer
Presentation,
3)(Layer
2)
of the 1)
OSI
and
of the
Routers
Application
Reference
OSI
Reference
Model.
layers
Model.
They
of the
Repeaters
connect
OSI
Bridges
Reference
network
a
receive
similarthe
to
type
Model.
internetworks
transmission
of network
The major
in
which
form
task
are
environment
of
raw
physically
of bits
the and
gateway
into
unified.
regenerate
logical
is On
to and
them
Repeaters
connect
successful
physical
by
boosting
different
internetworks.
connection,
the level
networking
the
Bridges
Relating with OSI
environments.
(Amplitude)
so Gateways
as
to increase
can be
identity
are
usedoftoeach
store
network
and
forward
is
application
the
geographical
specific
or points.
network
of
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frames
as to
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the coverage
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configuration
the
network
because
dependent,
physical
and
networking
Bridges
alsoenvironment.
inspect
the
frames
A
theydecide
routers
and
signals
may
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primary
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only
a protocol
span
purpose
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limited
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find
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discard.
the best
before
for path
translating
thebetween
quality
a set
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theof
protocols
internetwork
service
is to
affected.
another.
to forward and
store packets.
Learning
Module 1 > Types of Network (Revisited)
What is LAN, MAN, and WAN ?

Local Area Network
(LAN)
Metropolitan Area
Network (MAN)
Wide Area Network

(WAN)
Learning
Module 1 > Types of Network > WAN > Types of WAN
Point to Point WAN
Circuit Switching WAN
Packet Switching WAN
Original
message
Broken
into
packets
Routed access
a
network path
that
can be
modified
as needed
Reassembl
ed
to from
original
message
Learning
Module 1 > IP Addressing
Every device on the Internetwork is assigned a unique address.
These devices may be personal computers, communications

servers, ports on a communications server, internetwork
routers, or network control servers.
Some devices, such as routers, have physical connections to

more than one network, and they must normally be assigned a
unique internet address for every network connection
There are two Types of IP Addresses
IPv4; and
IPv6
Learning
Module 1 > IP Addressing > IPv4
Each internetworking address has a 32 bit address field which is

split into two parts.
The first part identifies the network on which the

communicating host is located
The second specifies identifies the communication host itself
The hosts attached to same network share a common prefix

which designates their network number
IP Addresses are divided into classes
There are five classes of IP Addresses
Learning
Module 1 > IP Addressing > IPv4 Classes
Class A
Class B
Class C
Class D
Class E
A Class E
A address
B
C
D
address has
has the
the order
order of
of the
the
highest bit set to 1-1-1-1-0
zeroand
1-0
1-1-0
1-1-1-0
and
and
itithas
ithas
has
aa16
a24
8bit
bit
bitlocal
local
local address.
host
host address.
It
They
is reserved
are usedfor
to future
identify
use
group of computers
a common
application
or
running
No. Of bits
to Identify
Network :program
7
14
21
software
7
14
No. of networks : 221
==128
16,384
2,097,152
24
No. of hosts : 2816
==256
16,777,216
65,536
Learning
Module 1 > IP Addressing > IPv4

Understanding
Address Range
IPv4 Notation
IP Addresses are specified in four sets of decimal numbers

separated by a dot.
This format is also known as a dotted decimal notation
The notation hence divides the 32 bit IP Address into 4 groups of

8 bits also known as octets.
Eg. 11111111.11111111.11111111.11111111
Range for IP Address by class can be seen below
Class A : 001.xxx.xxx.xxx to 126.xxx.xxx.xxx
Class B : 128.001.xxx.xxx to 191.254.xxx.xxx
Class C : 192.000.000.xxx to 223.255.254.xxx
Class D : 224.000.000.000 to 239.255.255.255

Learning
Module 1 > Application Protocols
HTTP
HTTPS
SMTP
POP/POP3
IMAP
FTP
Learning
Module 1 > Bridging
Extends the area of network by connecting adjacent LANs
Bridges the GAP between two LANs (so called a Bridge)
Local Bridge
Remote Bridge
Learning
Module 1 > Bridging Advantages / Disadvantages
Advantages:
More devices can communicate on a bridged network than the
number of devices that would be communicating on a single LAN
Bridges extend the geographical length of a LAN
Bridges are simple to install and transparent
Bridges connect LAN segments and so devices can be moved from
one segment to another without the change of IP Address.
Disadvantages
Bridges cannot understand the redundant network paths and so no
advantage of splitting the load over network segments.
Bridges can overload the network by increasing the traffic when it
receives a frame with unknown address.
Process the MAC address and hence are slower than repeaters
Learning
Module 1 > Switching Internetwork Communication > LAN

Switching
LAN Switching
Uses MAC address from the sender to decide where to

forward frames.
Maintains MAC address tables
L2 Switch can be used to connect different types of media

like Ethernet & Fiber because it does not change any
information
VLAN
MPLS
Learning
Module 1 > Switching Internetwork Communication > VLAN
VLAN
Group of computers logically into same network
Same as LAN but allows computers to be grouped even if

they are not on the same interconnecting device
Can be used to segregate computers on the same

interconnecting device into different networks
Learning
Module 1 > Switching Internetwork Communication > MPLS
MPLS
MPLS (Multi Protocol Label Switching) is introduced as a

faster mechanism to transfer data.
Works at layer 3 (Network Layer) of the OSI Reference

Model.
Forwards packets from host to destination.
IP packets are encapsulated with a label, so instead of

looking for the tables in the devices, the nodes on the
network are labeled.
Works on switching technology and hence the devices that

work on MPLS terminology are known as Label Switched
Devices.
Learning
Module 1 > Routing Internetwork Communication > Routing

Concepts
Routing Concepts
Requires more information than bridging.
A router will receive only those packets which are addressed

to it. A router has more decisions to make than a bridge and
therefore they need more information than a bridge
contains.
The primary information contained in a router is the routing

tables
Must create and maintain the routing tables.
Must select the next shortest path to the next network or

router based on the information contained in the packet.
Learning
Module 1 > Routing Internetwork Communication > Routing Tables
Routing Tables
A routing table contains data which contains the routes to

any network attached to that router.
A router makes and stores the routing table so that it knows

exactly where to deliver the packets when they arrive. A
routing table consists of minimum three fields.
Network id (destination network)
Cost
Next hop (this is the address of the next router on the

network)
Learning
Module 1 > Routing Internetwork Communication > Routing Metrics
Routing Metrics
Path Length
Reliability
Delay
Bandwidth
Load
Communication Cost
Learning
Module 1 > Routing Algorithms
Static
Router
A
Router
B
Router
C
Router
D
Learning
Module 1 > Routing Algorithms
Dynamic
Single Path and Multi Path
Link State and Distance Vector
Learning
Module 1 > Routing Protocols > RIP
RIP
It is a dynamic protocol and used by IP.
Informs the addresses of all routers to other routers.
Uses hop count
Runs on UDP port number 521.
Available in two versions RIPv1 and RIPv2
Documented in RFC 1058.
Learning
Module 1 > Routing Protocols > OSPF
OSPF
Open Shortest Path First link state dynamic protocol
Documented in RFC
Gathers link state and media information from all available

routers and constructs table of the network
Decision of forwarding is made on destination IP address
Being Link State protocol, can easily detect changes in

network
Does not use TCP/IP (TCP,UDP).
Directly integrated in IP datagram protocol number 89
Learning
Module 1 > Routing Protocols > BGP
BGP
Border Gateway Protocol, used for routing decision on the

Internet
Distance vector protocol
Routing decisions are made on path, network policies and

rules
More known as reach-ability protocol, and not a routing

protocol
Creates redundancy in larger networks giving maximum

efficiency
Works on TCP port 179
Each BGP router sends a message to all other routers to

check availability periodically
Learning
Module 1 > Routing Protocols > IGRP
IGRP
Interior Gateway Routing Protocol Proprietary protocol
Created to overcome limitations of RIP which can work only

till 15 hops and single routing metric
Is a distance vector protocol
Compares two routers with all metrics and then selects best
route
Learning
Next > Module 2 (Internetworking Technologies)
Learning

CCNSP V2.0ael Module 1

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Cyberoam Certified Network & Security Profess

Copyright 2012 Cyberoam Technologies Pvt. Ltd. All Righ

Introduction > About Myself

Introduction > Please Introduce Yourself

Introduction > Training Kits

Introduction > Schedule/Breaks

Introduction > Training Pre-requisites

Introduction > Organization of Presentation

Module 1 Interworking Technologies

Module 1 > Networking Basics > What is Communication?

A network is a data communication system that allows users

A message is a term used for the information and a single unit

In a communication process minimum 2 PCs or devices are

Module 1 > Networking Basics > Types of Media

Module 1 > Networking Basics > Guided Media > Fiber-Optic

Guided Media are those types of media that provide a conduit

Twisted Pair Cable

Module 1 > Networking Basics > Unguided Media

The unguided media is usually the wireless medium and it can

Module 1 > Networking Basics > Modes of Transmission

There are three types of strategies used for data transmission

Module 1 > Networking Basics > Standardization

Two systems may be on different types of operating systems, or

Protocols are a set of rules which is followed by each

ARP (Address Resolution Protocol) is used to find out the address

With ARP it is possible to find out the physical address (MAC) of

Standardization is a set of rules laid down by standards

Module 1 > Standards Organizations

International Telecommunication Union

International Standards Organization

Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers

Internet Engineering Task Force

Module 1 > OSI Reference Model

The OSI Reference Model is developed by the ISO

It is a Seven Layered Model showing interconnection between

Module 1 > OSI Reference Model (Continued)

The seven layers of OSI Model

Module 1 > TCP/IP Suite

The Five layers

Module 1 > What is Internetwork?

Internetwork is network of networks.

An organizations network is its own private network, On

Module 1 > Protocols used in Communication

Protocols are set of rules used for communication.

Various protocols are used at all levels of the OSI Reference

Module 1 > Types of Network

Based on the geographical area covered by a network, there are

Module 1 > Types of Network > LAN

A Local Area Network is a very high speed network that covers a

Module 1 > Types of Network > Types of Transmission

Module 1 > Types of Network > Types of Topologies

There are many different ways of connecting the computers

Module 1 > Types of Network > Interconnecting Devices

Interconnecting devices are used to connect multiple devices

Module 1 > Types of Network (Revisited)

What is LAN, MAN, and WAN ?

Wide Area Network

Module 1 > Types of Network > WAN > Types of WAN

Point to Point WAN

Circuit Switching WAN

Packet Switching WAN

Module 1 > IP Addressing