LECTURE NOTES:

Reduction- Oxidation Titration

(Expt. 12- 19)
1. Neutralization- acid and base
2. Redox- reducing agent, oxidizing agent
Oxidizing agents: KMnO4 ; ceric sulfate; Iodine ; bromine;
potassium iodate
Reducing agents: Oxalic acid; ferrous sulfate; sodium
thiosulfate
Note:

h= no. of electrons gained or lost depending on its role in redox

EXPERIMENT 12:
Preparation and Standardization of
Potassium Permanganate Solution

EXPERIMENT 12:
A. Preparation of Potassium Permanganate
Solution/ Class

1. Weigh roughly 5g of KMnO4

2. Dissolve it in 1500 mL distilled water in a big beaker.
3. Cover with a watch glass and boil the solution for 15
mins
(prevent evaporation and accelerate destruction of organic matters or
decomposition)

4. Allow to stand for at least 2 days

(allow decomposition of organic matter to proceed to completion)

5. Filter through asbestos into an amber color bottle

(get rid of decomposition inorganic product which is MnO 2, a brown ppt. MnO2
catalyzes the auto decomposition of KMnO4)

EXPERIMENT 12:
LECTURE NOTES:
Asbestos- carcinogenic
for filtration of inorganic matter
should be lined with a glass wool as support
(funnel) when used as a filter.
Should be washed with distilled water until water
coming out of the funnel is clear before KMnO 4 is
filtered.

EXPERIMENT 12:
B. Standardization of Potassium Permanganate
Solution
1. Weigh 0.1-0.2g of Na2C2O4 (weighing bottle)
2. Dissolve it in 250 mL distilled water in a big
beaker.
3. Add 7mL of conc. sulfuric acid
4. Heat the solution to 70C (maintain ---reaction between
sodium oxalate and KMnO4 occurs stoichiometrically in a hot acidic
medium)

5. Titrate with KMnO4 solution (Geissler) until a light

pink color persists for 15 seconds is obtained.
( Geissler: IR, FR)

6. One determination per pair

7. Compute for Mean N and M as a class

EXPERIMENT 12:
LECTURE NOTES
Standardization: primary standardization
Type of Titration: Redox
Method of Titration: Direct Permanganate method
1. Na2C2O4 - primary standard, reducing agent

2. KMnO4 -strong oxidizing agent

-reacts rapidly with reducing substance in
acidic medium
- serves as indicator itself due to its intense
color imparting a pink coloration
-disadvantage: unstable

EXPERIMENT 12:
Lecture Notes
3. H2SO4 -to keep the acid conc. constant
preventing the formation of MnO2
- supply hydrogen ion
4. Hot acidic medium- the reaction between
Na2C2O4 and KMnO4 stoichoimetrically occur
in a hot acidic medium.

EXPERIMENT 12:
LECTURE NOTES
5. Equation:
Molecular
lost=1eX

2= 2e x5= 10e
+3 +4

2KMnO4 + 5Na2C2O4 + 8H2SO4

+7

gained=5e x 2 = 10e

2MnSO4 + 5Na2SO4 + 10CO2 + K2SO4 + 8H2O

+2

Half ionic equation

C2O4 -2
MnO41.
2.
3.

CO2
Mn+2

Balance the atoms

Balance the charges
Balance the number of electrons gained/lost

EXPERIMENT 12:
LECTURE NOTES
6. Computation: Normality
meq KMnO4
= meq Na2C2O4
(NxmL) KMnO4 = (g /MEW) Na2C2O4
N KMnO4 = g Na C O
2

MW
h X 1000

mL

KMnO4

NOTE:

h= no. of electrons gained or lost depending on its role in redox

KMnO4 (oxidizing agent)= 5 electrons gained
Na2C2O4 (reducing agent)= 2 electrons lost

EXPERIMENT 12:
LECTURE NOTES
6. Computation: Molarity
mn KMnO4
(MxmL) KMnO

=
4

mn Na2C2O4 x rr
(mg /MW) Na C O
2

X 2KMnO4

5Na2C2O4

M KMnO4 = mg/MW Na C O
2

X 2KMnO4

5Na2C2O4

mL

KMnO4

EXPERIMENT 13:
Preparation and Standardization of
Oxalic acid Solution

EXPERIMENT 13:
A. Preparation of Oxalic Acid Solution/ ClassGroup 5

1. Weigh roughly 9.6g of oxalic acid

2. Dissolve it in distilled water to make 1500 mL
3. Store in an amber colored bottle

EXPERIMENT 13:
B. Standardization of Oxalic Acid Solution
1. Run down 30 mL of oxalic acid (Mohr) into a big
beaker (Mohr : IR, FR)
2. Dilute with 200 mL distilled
3. Add 7mL of conc. sulfuric acid
4. Heat the solution to 70C (maintain---reaction between
oxalic acid and KMnO4 occurs stoichiometrically in a hot acidic medium)

5. Titrate with KMnO4 solution (Geissler) until a light

pink color persists for 15 seconds is obtained.
(Geissler : IR, FR)

6. One determination per pair

7. Compute for Mean N and M as class

EXPERIMENT 13:
LECTURE NOTES
Standardization: Secondary standardization
Type of Titration: Redox
Method of Titration: Direct Permanganate method
1. KMnO4 secondary standard
-strong oxidizing agent
-reacts rapidly with reducing substance (oxalic acid) in
hot acidic medium
- serves as indicator itself due to its intense
color imparting a pink coloration
-disadvantage: unstable

EXPERIMENT 13:
LECTURE NOTES
2. Equation:
Molecular

lost= 1ex2 X 5= 10e

+3
+4
2KMnO4 + 5H2C2O4 + 3H2SO4
+7 gained = 5ex2=

10e

2MnSO4 + 10CO2 + K2SO4 + 8H2O

+2

Half ionic equation

C2O4 -2
MnO41.
2.
3.

CO2
Mn+2

Balance the atoms

Balance the charges
Balance the number of electrons gained/lost

EXPERIMENT 13:
LECTURE NOTES
3. Computation: Normality
meq H2C2O4
= meq KMnO4
(NxmL) H2C2O4

(NxmL) KMnO4

N H C O = N x mL KMnO4
mL H C O
2

EXPERIMENT 13:
LECTURE NOTES
3. Computation: Molarity
mn H2C2O4

(MxmL)H C O
2

mn KMnO4 x rr
(MxmL) KMnO

2KMnO4

M H C O = MxmL KMnO
2

2KMnO4

mL H C O
2

X 5H2C2O4

X 5H2C2O4

EXPERIMENT 14:
Assay of Sodium Nitrite

EXPERIMENT 14:
Assay of Sodium Nitrite
1. Weigh 0.4 to 0.5g NaNO2 accurately
2. Dissolve it in enough distilled water to make
100mL in a volumetric flask
3. Pipet 10 mL NaNO2 solution (wash pipet first)
4. Introduce it into a beaker containing a mixture of:
25 mL KMnO4 (Geissler buret: IR, FR)
100 mL distilled water
5 mL conc. H2SO4

by immersing the tip of the pipet beneath the

surface of the permanganate mixture [prevent the escape
of nitrous acid (HNO2)]

EXPERIMENT 14:
Assay of Sodium Nitrite
5. Warm the liquid to 40C and allow it to stand for
5 minutes. (to accelerate the oxidation of HNO to HNO )
6. Add 25 mL of standard oxalic acid solution (Mohr: IR,
2

FR)- (KMnO4 is decolorized because the oxalic acid was added in excess)

7. Heat to 80C
8. Titrate with standard KMnO4 to a light pink end
point ( Geissler: IR,FR)
9. One determination /pair
10. Look for USP specifications for NaNO2
11. Compute Mean % purity as a class
12.Disposition

EXPERIMENT 14:
LECTURE NOTES
Assay of Sodium Nitrite
Type of Titration: Redox
Method of Titration: Residual Permanganate method
1. NaNO2- reducing agent
2. KMnO4 oxidizing agent
Note : Ferrous, Calcium, Lead (II) and titanium compounds are also
assayed by permanganate method

EXPERIMENT 14:
LECTURE NOTES
2. Equation:
Molecular
2NaNO2 + H2SO4

2HNO2 + Na2SO4

lost= 2e x5= 10e

+3
5HNO2 +2KMnO4+ 3H2SO4
+7

+5
5HNO3+ 2MnSO4+ K2SO4+ 3H2O
+2

gained= 5e X2=10e

lost= 1ex2 X 5= 10e

+3
+4
2KMnO4 + 5H2C2O4 + 3H2SO4
2MnSO4 + 10CO2 + K2SO4 + 8H2O
+7

gained = 5ex2=

10e

+2

EXPERIMENT 14:
LECTURE NOTES
2. Equation:
Half ionic equation
NO2MnO4-

C2O4 -2
MnO4-

NO3Mn+2

CO2
Mn+2

EXPERIMENT 14:
LECTURE NOTES
3. Computation: Normality
meq NaNO2 = meq KMnO4 that reacts with NaNO2
gpure NaNO2= [(NxmL) Total KMnO - (N x 25mL) H C O ]
4

MW
hx1000

g pure NaNO2= [(N x mL) Total KMnO4 -(N x 25mL) H2C2O4]

x MW
h x 1000

% NaNO2(w/w) = g pure NaNO2

X 100

_______

0.4 to 0.5g = X (aliqout)

100 mL
10 mL

EXPERIMENT 14:
LECTURE NOTES
3. Computation: Molarity
mn NaNO2 = mn KMnO4 that reacts with NaNO2 x rr
gNaNO2= [(MxmL) Total KMnO4 - (M x 25mL) H2C2O4 X KMnO4 ]

X HNO2

H2 C2 O 4

gNaNO2= [(M x mL) Total KMnO4 -(M x 25mL) H2C2O4

1000
5 H2 C2 O 4
2KMnO4 2HNO2
% NaNO2(w/w) = g pure NaNO2
0.4 to 0.5g = X (aliqout)
100 mL
10 mL
\

X 100

X 2 KMnO4

]x5

KMnO4

HNO2

NaNO2 X

MW

HNO2

1000

2NaNO2 x

MW

EXPERIMENT 15:
Preparation and Standardization of
Sodium thiosulfate Solution

EXPERIMENT 15:
LECTURE NOTES
Experiment 15-18:
Type of Titration: Redox
Method: Iodimetry/ Iodometry
1.

Iodimetry- is the process wherein a standard solution of iodine is the

titrating agent and it acts as an oxidizing agent.

Pharmaceutical solutions assayed Iodimetrically:

2. Arsenites
6. ascorbic acid
3. Sb+3 compds
7. methenamine
4. Thiosulfates
5. Sulfites
6. Mercurous compds

EXPERIMENT 15:
LECTURE NOTES
2. Iodometry- is a process where in the sample of an oxidizing agent is
made to liberate an equivalent amount of iodine from KI which is
titrated with Na2S2O3 solution.
Pharmaceutical solutions assayed Iodometrically:
1. Iron
6. arsenous
2. Copper
7. chlorine
3. Manganese 8. Bromine
4. Chromium
9. Iodine
5. Cobalt

EXPERIMENT 15:
A. Preparation of Starch Solution
1. Triturate 1g of arrowroot starch with 10 mL of
distilled water. (starch paste)
2. Boil 200 mL of distilled water
3. Add the starch paste to it with constant stirring
4. Boil the mixture gently until it forms a thin,
translucent liquid.

EXPERIMENT 15:
LECTURE NOTES
Starch test solution- serves a indicator
Starch grains contain:
1. - amylose (water insoluble)- with Iodine forms a
violet color
2. -amylose (water soluble)- with Iodine forms
blue color

EXPERIMENT 15:
LECTURE NOTES
1. Larger grains- arrow root and potatoes( will give
more - amylose)
2. Smaller grains- rice and corn ( will give lesser amylose)

EXPERIMENT 15:
B. Preparation of Sodium Thiosulfate Solution/
Class

1. Weigh roughly 26 g of sodium thiosulfate and 0.4 g

of sodium carbonate (preservative to prevent acid catalyzed
hydrolysis)

2. Dissolve this in 1000 mL of recently boiled and

cooled distilled water (for bacterial sterilization and to expel CO )
2

3. Store in an amber colored bottle and label.

EXPERIMENT 15:
C. Standardization of Sodium Thiosulfate Solution

1. Weight accurately 1.1g of primary standard KIO3

into a 500-mL volumetric flask;
2. Dissolve in about 200 mL of distilled water. Dilute
to the mark and mix thoroughly.- (one per class)
3. Pipet 50.0 mL aliquot of standard KIO3 solution
into a 250 mL conical flask ( one per paired groups)
4. Introduce 2g of KI (iodate free) and swirl the flask to
speed up solution.

EXPERIMENT 15:
C. Standardization of Sodium Thiosulfate Solution

5. Add 2 mL of 6M HCl (do not add if not Na S O

2

is not yet ready)-

catalyze the liberation of I2

6. Immediately titrate with sodium thiosulfate until

solution is pale yellow (reduction of the amount of Iodine)
7. Introduce 5 mL of the starch solution
(There will be a formation of big lumps of the blue iodo starch complex if the
indicator is added before the titration with Na2S2O3 to the pale yellow endpoint.
This will result to difficulty of the blue color to disappear.)

EXPERIMENT 15:
C. Standardization of Sodium Thiosulfate Solution

8. Continue the titration with standard sodium

thiosulfate to the disappearance of the blue color.
9. One determination per pair
10. Compute the Mean N and M of Na2S2O3 as a class

EXPERIMENT 15:
LECTURE NOTES
Standardization: primary standardization
Type of Titration: Redox
Method of Titration: Iodometry
1. KIO3- primary standard (oxidizing agent)
2. Na2S2O3 titrant; reducing agent

EXPERIMENT 15:
LECTURE NOTES
3. Equations:
Molecular:
+5

gained=5eX2= 10e

2KIO3+ 10 KI + 12HCl
-1

6I2 + 12KCl + 6H2O

lost= 1 x2=2eX 5= 5e

reduced to lowest term:

+5

gained = 5e x2= 10e

KIO3 + 5KI + 6HCl 3I2 + 6KCl + 3H2O

-1

0
lost= 1 x 2=2e X5= 10e

EXPERIMENT 15:
LECTURE NOTES
3. Equations:
Molecular:
+5

gained=5eX2= 10e

KIO3+ 5 KI + 6HCl
-1

3I2 + 6KCl + 3H2O

lost= 1 x2=2eX 5= 5e

gained = 1x2=2e X 1= 2e

-1

I2 + 2Na2S2O3 2NaI +Na2S4O6

+2

+2.5

lost= 0.5 x 2=1e X2= 2e

EXPERIMENT 15:
LECTURE NOTES
3. Equations:
Half- ionic equation:

IO3- I2
I I2
S2O3-2

I2

S4O6-2
I-

EXPERIMENT 15:
LECTURE NOTES
3. Equations:
Half- ionic equation:

IO3- + 5 I- 3I2+ 3H2O

2S2O3-2 + I2

S4O6-2 + 2I-

EXPERIMENT 15:
LECTURE NOTES
4. Computation: Normality
meq Na2S2O3
= meq KIO3
(NxmL) Na2S2O3 = (g /MEW) KIO3
N Na S O = g KIO
2

MW
h X 1000

mL Na S O
2

Note: g= 1.1g
= x
500 mL
50mL

h=6

EXPERIMENT 15:
LECTURE NOTES
4. Computation: Molarity
mn Na S O
2

(MxmL) Na S O
2

M Na S O
2

mn KIO3 x rr
=

mg KIO3
MW

mg KIO3 X
MW___ 1 KIO3
mL Na2S2O3

3 I2

1 KIO3

2Na2S2O3

1 I2

3 I2______ x 2Na2S2O3
1 I2

EXPERIMENT 16:
Preparation and Standardization of
Iodine Solution

EXPERIMENT 15:
A. Preparation of Iodine Solution/Class
1. Weigh roughly 14.0g of Iodine crystals
2. Dissolve it in a solution of 36 g KI in 400 mL of
distilled water. (KI is a solubilizing agent to increase the solubility of
Iodine crystals)

3. Add 12 drops of 6N HCl (neutralized any alkali present in KI)

4. Add enough distilled water to complete the
volume to 1000 mL
5. Store in an amber colored bottle.

EXPERIMENT 16:
B. Standardization of Iodine Solution
1.
2.
3.
4.

Run down 30 mL of sodium thiosulfate (Mohr: IR, FR)

Dilute with 100 mL distilled water
Add 5 mL of starch solution
Titrate with standard iodine solution to a blue color
endpoint. (Geissler: IR and FR)
5. One determination per pair
6. Compute Mean N and M as a class.

EXPERIMENT 16:
LECTURE NOTES
Standardization: secondary standardization
Type of Titration: Redox
Method of Titration: Iodimetry
1. Na2S2O3 solution - secondary standard; reducing
agent
2. Iodine titrant; oxidizing agent

EXPERIMENT 16:
LECTURE NOTES
3. Equations:
Molecular:
+2

lost=0.5 x2= 1e x 2= 2e

2Na2S2O3+ I2
0

+ 2.5

2NaI+ Na2S4O6
-1

gained= -1x2= 2e x1= 2e

EXPERIMENT 16:
LECTURE NOTES
3. Equations:
Half ionic :

S2O3-2
I2

2S2O3-2 + I2

S4O6-2
I-1

S4O6-2 + 2I-

EXPERIMENT 16:
LECTURE NOTES
4. Computation: Normality
meq I2 = meq Na2S2O3
(NxmL) I2 = (NxmL) Na2S2O3
N I = N x mL Na S O
mL I
2

EXPERIMENT 16:
LECTURE NOTES
4. Computation: Molarity
mn I2 =

mn Na2S2O3 x rr

(MxmL)

I2 =

(MxmL) Na S O
2

Na2S2O3

M I2 = MxmL Na S O
2

mL I

X 1 I2 ___
2 Na2S2O3

X 1 I2 ___

EXPERIMENT 17:
Assay of Tartar Emetic

EXPERIMENT 17:
Assay of Tartar Emetic
1. Weigh 0.4 to 0.5g tartar emetic accurately (tared flask)
2. Dissolve it in 30 mL distilled water
3. Add 25 mL of saturated solution of sodium bicarbonate
(neutralize the HI formed thus preventing a reversible reaction and allowing the reaction
to proceed to completion)

4. Add 5 mL of starch T.S.

5. Titrate with standard iodine solution to a blue color end
point. (Geissler: IR and FR)
6. One determination per pair
7. Compute for the mean % purity of tartar emetic as a class.
8. Look for USP/ NF specs
9. Disposition

EXPERIMENT 17:
LECTURE NOTES
1. Tartar Emetic (KOSbC4H4O6. H2O)
double salt
Reducing agent
2. Method of Titration: Direct Iodimetric method
3. Equation:
Molecular
+3

lost= 2e-

KOSbC4H4O6 + I2 + 2NaHCO3
0 gained= 1x2= 2e

+5

KO2SbC4H4O6 + 2NaI +2CO2 +H2O

-1

EXPERIMENT 17:
LECTURE NOTES
3. Equation:
Half ionic

Sb +3

Sb +5

I2

I-1

EXPERIMENT 17:
LECTURE NOTES
4. Computation: Normality
meq KOSbC4H4O6. H2O =
(g /MEW) KOSbC H O
4

6.

H 2O =

meq I2
(NxmL) I

pure KOSbC4H4O6. H2O = (NxmL) I2 X MW

h X 1000

% KOSbC4H4O6. H2O= g pure KOSbC4H4O6. H2O

g impure or g sample

x 100

EXPERIMENT 17:
LECTURE NOTES
4. Computation: Molarity
mn KOSbC4H4O6. H2O =
g pure
MW

KOSbC4H4O6. H2O =

mn I2 x rr

(MxmL) I

x 1 KOSbC4H4O6. H2O

1 I2

1000

gpure KOSbC H O
4

6.

H2O =

1 I2

(MxmL) I x
2

1 KOSbC4H4O6. H2O

X MW

1000

% KOSbC4H4O6. H2O (w/w) = g pure KOSbC4H4O6. H2O

g impure or g sample

X 100

EXPERIMENT 18:
Assay of Cupric Sulfate

EXPERIMENT 18:
Assay of Cupric Sulfate
1. Weigh 0.4 to 0.5g cupric sulfate accurately (tared
iodine flask)
2. Dissolve it in 50 mL distilled water
3. Add 4 mL of 6 N acetic acid
4. Add 3 g of KI (Note the color change after adding: reddish brown color
indicates plenty of I2 is liberated)

5. Titrate the liberated iodine with sodium thiosulfate

until a golden yellow color is obtained. ( Mohr: IR)
(indicates the reduction of the amount of I2)

6. Add 3 mL of starch T.S.

(There will be a formation of big lumps of

the blue iodo starch complex if the indicator is added before the titration with
Na2S2O3 to the golden yellow endpoint. This will result to difficulty of the blue
color to disappear.)

EXPERIMENT 18:
Assay of Cupric Sulfate
7. Continue the titration with std. sodium thiosulfate
solution until the disappearance of blue color. (FR)
8. One determination per pair
9. Compute for the % purity of cupric sulfate as a
class.
10. Look for USP/NF specs
11. Disposition

EXPERIMENT 18:
LECTURE NOTES
Assay of Cupric sulfate
1. CuSO4.5H2O (oxidizing agent)
blue vitriol
2. KI (reducing agent)
3. Type of Titration: Redox
4. Method of Titration: Iodometry

EXPERIMENT 18:
LECTURE NOTES
5. Equations:
Molecular
+2
gained= 1e X2 =2e

2CuSO4.5H2O +4KI

+1

2CuI + I2 + 2K2SO4 +10 H2O

lost= 1e x2=2e X1= 2e

0 gained= 1ex2=2e x1= 2e -1

I2 + 2Na2S2O3

2NaI + Na2S4O6

+2 lost= 0.5 X2= 1e X2=2e +2.5

EXPERIMENT 18:
LECTURE NOTES
5. Equation:
Half ionic

Cu +2

Cu +1

I2

I-1

EXPERIMENT 18:
LECTURE NOTES
4. Computation: Normality
meq CuSO4O6. 5 H2O =
(g /MEW) CuSO
g

4.

5H2O =

meq Na2S2O3
(NxmL) Na S O
2

pure CuSO4 5 H2O = (NxmL) Na2S2O3 X MW CuSO4 5 H2O

h X1000

% CuSO4. 5H2O= g pure CuSO4. 5H2O

g impure or g sample

x 100

EXPERIMENT 18:
LECTURE NOTES
4. Computation: Molarity
mn CuSO4. 5H2O =
g pure

CuSO4. 5H2O =

mn Na2S2O3 x rr
(MxmL) Na S O
2

2 Na2S2O3

MW

x 1 I2 __________

2 CuSO4. 5H2O

1 I2

1000

gpure CuSO

4.

5H2O = (MxmL)Na2S2O3 x 1 I2 __________ X 2 CuSO4. 5H2O X MW

2 Na2S2O3

1 I2

1000

% CuSO4. 5 H2O (w/w) = g pure CuSO4. 5H2O

g impure or g sample

X 100

EXPERIMENT 19:
ASSAY OF ASCORBIC ACID

EXPERIMENT 19:
A. Preparation of Standard Potassium
Bromate/Class- Group 8

1. Weigh approximately 1.6 g into a 1000 mL

volumetric flask.
2. Dissolve the KBrO3 in about 400-mL of distilled
water.
3. Dilute to the mark, mix thoroughly.
4. Keep in an amber bottle.

EXPERIMENT 19:
Assay of Ascorbic Acid
1. Weigh accurately 3 to 5 vitamins
2. Pulverize them thoroughly in a mortar, and
transfer the powder to a dry weighing bottle.
3. Weigh accurately 0.4 to 0.5 g sample into a dry
250 mL conical flask (with cover)
4. Dissolve the sample in 50mL of 1.5 M H2SO4 (freshly
prepared; converts BrO to Br ); then add about 5g of KBr.
( will produce excess Br2)
5. Titrate immediately with standard KBrO3 to the
first faint yellow due to excess Br2 (Geissler: IR, FR)
3

EXPERIMENT 19:
Assay of Ascorbic Acid
6. Record the volume of KBrO3 used.
7. Add 3g of KI and 5mL of starch indicator; back titrate
with standard Na2S2O3 to the disappearance of blue
color. (titration should be done without delay to prevent the air oxidation of
ascorbic acid)

8. Calculate the ave. mass (in mg) of ascorbic acid

tablet.
9. Two determination /pair
10. Compute Mean % purity per pair
11. Look for USP specifications for ascorbic chewable
tablets
12. Disposition

EXPERIMENT 19:
LECTURE NOTES:
Assay of Ascorbic Acid
1.Type of Titration: Redox
2. Method: Bromination
Applicable for chewable vitamin C (not coated tablets)
The binder in most Vitamin C tablets remains in the suspension
through out the analysis. If the binder is starch, the characteristic
color of the complex with I2 appears upon the addition of KI
The volume of Na2S2O3 needed for the back titration seldom
exceeds a few millimeters.

EXPERIMENT 19:
LECTURE NOTES
3. Equation:
BrO3 + 5Br- + 6H+ 3Br2 + 3H2O
4.

+ Br2
Ascorbic acid (C6H8O6)

+ 2 Br- + 2H+

dehydro ascorbic acid (C6H6O6)

Br2 + 2 I- Br- + I2
I2 + 2 S2O3-2 2 I- + S4O6-2

EXPERIMENT 19:
LECTURE NOTES
4. Computation: Normality
meq AA

= meq Br2 that reacts with AA

g/MEW AA= g/MEW KBrO3 - g/MEW Na2S2O3

=

whole Br2 - xss Br2

gpure AA

[ (NxmL) KBrO3 - (N x mL) Na2 S2O3 ]

MW
hx1000

g pure

AA=

[ (N x mL)KBrO3 - (N x mL) Na2S2O3] x MW AA

h x 1000
g pure AA___________ = X________________
g sample (0.4 to 0.5 g)
ave. wt of 3- 5 tablets
x= amount (g) of AA/ tablet ; convert to mg/ tablet

EXPERIMENT 19:
LECTURE NOTES
Computation: Normality KBrO3
NKBrO = 2.6g KBrO
3

MW
h X 1000

1000 mL
Note: h=6
Equation:

BrO3 Br2

EXPERIMENT 19:
LECTURE NOTES
4. Computation: Molarity
mn AA

= mn Br2 that reacts with AA x rr

mn AA= mn KBrO3 - mn Na2S2O3 x rr

=

whole Br2 - xss Br2 x rr

gpure AA
MW

[(MxmL) KBrO3 x 3Br2 - (M x mL) Na2 S2O3 X 1 I2______ x 1Br2 ]

1KBrO3

2Na2S2O3

1I2

1000

g pure

AA=

[(M x mL)KBrO3 x 3Br2 1KBrO3

(M x mL) Na2S2O3 X 1 I2________ X 1Br2] x MW AA

2 Na2S2O3

1 I2

g pure AA___________ = X________________

g sample (0.4 to 0.5 g)
ave. wt of 3- 5 tablets
x= amount (g) of AA/ tablet ; convert to mg/ tablet

1000

EXPERIMENT 19:
LECTURE NOTES
Computation: Molarity KBrO3
MKBrO = 2.6g KBrO
3

MW
1000

1L