SPEAKERS

Presentation By 1. Sanket Salve

2. Vishwanath
Prasad

INTRODUCTION
A speaker is a device that
converts electrical audio
signal to sound waves.

It is basically a
transducer.

A transducer converts
one form of energy into
another.

Speakers are of various

sizes and types.

HISTORY
1861 - A simple type of electronic loudspeaker was developed
by
Johann Philipp Reis.

1876 - Alexander Graham Bell also tried to produce a speaker

based on
Reis's work.

Horace Short patented a loudspeaker design that uses

compressed - air mechanism.

The Shearer Horn System for theatres was the first speaker system of

industry standard that was installed in 1937.

1877 - The idea of the electromagnetic coil driven speaker is

formulated

by Werner Von Siemens, he used it with input signals of DC transients

and telegraphic signals. He had no way to amplify sound to create a

useful speaker, but he theorized that this could eventually be done.

1921 Rice and Kellogg worked in New York, to develop the modern

speaker and first electric amplification system.

MAIN PARTS OF A SPEAKER

TWEETERS :
Atweeteris a special
type of driver that
reproduces the
highest
frequencies , in a
speaker system.
Types of
Tweeters:(i) Cone tweeters
(ii) Dome
tweeters

Cone tweeters have the same basic design and form as

awooferwith optimizations to operate at higher frequencies.

dome tweeter is constructed by attaching a voice coil to a dome

(made of woven fabric, thin metal or other suitable material), which

is attached to the magnet or the top plate via a low compliance
suspension.

ribbon tweeter uses a very thin diaphragm (often of aluminum, or

perhaps metalized plastic film) that supports a planar coil frequently

made by deposition of aluminium vapour, suspended in a powerful
magnetic field (typically provided byneodymiummagnets) to
reproduce high frequencies.

Electrostatic

tweeters employ a thin diaphragm (generally plastic

Materials In Tweeters
Ferro fluidis a suspension of very small (typically 10nm) iron oxide magnetic

particles.
Three properties designers look for in tweeters are LOW MASS, HIGH

STIFFNESS AND GOOD DAMPING .

Celestionwere the first manufacturers to fabricate dome tweeters out of a

metal, copper.

Nowadays other metals such as aluminum ,titanium,magnesium,

andberyllium, as well as various alloys thereof, are used, being both light and
stiff but having low damping.

More exotic materials, such assynthetic diamond, are also being used for
their extreme stiffness.

Also there are piezo tweeters which are based on electrostriction/ piezo
electric effect, these use quarts, barium titanate.

2). SPEAKER CONES :The diaphragm or cone is made using a variety of different
materials, but the most common are paper, plastic, and metal. The
ideal material would be
1) RIGID , to prevent uncontrolled cone motions
2) having LOW MASS, to minimize starting force requirements and
energy storage issues
3) WELL DAMPED, to reduce vibrations continuing after the signal
has stopped.
MATERIALS :A cone might be made of cellulose paper, into which some carbon,
fibre, kevlar, glass, hemp or bamboofibers have been added; or it
might use a honeycomb sandwich construction; or a coating might be
applied to it so as to provide additional stiffening or damping.

3). SPEAKER DRIVERS :A speaker driver is a two

magnet and cone assembly,
typically as part of
aloudspeaker,television, or
other electronics device.
Materials :- Usually made of
polypropylene plastic.More
exotic materials are used on
some drivers, such as woven
fiberglass,carbon
fiber,aluminum,titanium, and a
very few use polyimide,PET
film,plastic film.

4). HORNS :A horn is used in a

loudspeaker to increase the
overall efficiency of the
driving element.
It consists of a compression
driver which produces sound
waves with a small metal
diaphragm vibrated by
anelectromagnet.
The main advantage of horn,
is they are more efficient;
they can typically produce 10

Theconeis the oldest and simplest acoustic

times (10dB) more sound

horn and, as themegaphone is used even

power than a cone speaker

today.

from a given amplifier output.

Materials In Horns

ABS plastic horns are easy to manufacture at low cost, and offer
generally good sonic performance

Fiberglass horns that are reinforced can be more expensive than ABS
horns, but can offer better performance

Wood horns are generally available only for midrange drivers.

Concert venues often use large arrays of horn loudspeakers for high-

volume bass reproduction ("bass bins" orsubwoofers), in order to provide

bass that concertgoers can not only hear but feel.

SPEAKER MAGNETS
Most speakers employ a permanent
magnet and a current-carrying coil to
convert electric energy
(the signal) into mechanical energy
(movement that creates the sound).
Thevoice coilfeels a magnetic force and
in response, moves the cone and
pressurizes the neighboring air, thus
generatingsound.
Dynamic microphones employ the same
concept, but in reverse. A microphone
has a diaphragm or membrane attached
to a coil of wire. The coil rests inside a
specially shaped magnet. When sound
vibrates the membrane, the coil is
vibrated as well.

Materials
Alnico is an almost perfect material for speaker magnets - extremely powerful,
yet with a high Curie temperature (the temperature at which a permanent
magnet loses its magnetization). One of its primary constituents, cobalt (the
"co" in Alnico), is produced in limited quantities from only one or two nations
who
have raised the price more than tenfold since the 1950's.
Ceramic/ ferrite magnets are now the most common. Although much less
powerful than
Alnico, ceramic magnets are quite economical and also have a high Curie
temperature..
Neodymium and Strontium are rare earth alloyed elements and are the most
recent
additions to the designers toolbox. Rare earth magnets can be as powerful as
Alnico, yet still acceptably economical. Their largest drawback is their low
Curie temperature which can restrict their use in high power drivers. Rare
earth magnets are extensively used in magnetically shielded designs since
their small size allows them to be contained totally within the motor structure,
thereby minimizing the external field. Used also for their low profile magnet
assembly in confined spaces like car doors etc.

SPEAKER VOICE COILS

Avoice coilis thecoilofwireattached to the
apex of aloudspeakercone
By driving acurrentthrough the voice coil, a
magnetic fieldis produced. This magnetic
field causes the voice coil to react to the
magnetic field from a permanent magnet
fixed to the speaker's frame, thereby moving
the cone of the speaker. By applying
anaudiowaveformto the voice coil, the cone
will reproduce thesoundpressure waves,
corresponding to the original input signal.
Usually made up of copper or aluminium.

DEVELOPMENT OF SPEAKERS
HORNS
Horns were the earliest form of amplification. Horns do not use
electricity.
Thomas Edison, Magnavox, and Victoria all developed advanced
and well-performing horns from 1880 to the 1920's. The problem
with horns is that they could not amplify the sound very much.
With the use of electrical amplification in the future loud sound
could be generated to fill large public spaces. Horns remain a
novelty for collectors today.
Horn uses: Audio Recording for entertainment and recorded
keeping, later on for voice radio.
Commercial cinema theaters often use horn-loaded loudspeakers
for pattern control and increased sensitivity needed to fill a large
room.

ELCTRODYNAMIC SPEAKER
This is a device that uses an electromagnetic coil and diaphragm to
create sound.
This is the most common type of speaker in the world today.
The modern speaker uses an electromagnet to turn electric signals
of varying strength
into movement. The coil of copper wire moves as the magnet
energizes. This works using induction. The coil is connected to a
cardboard/paper/vinyl "cone". The cone is a diaphragm that vibrates
along with the coil. Sound is created and amplified by the
diaphragm. There are variations on how to build the speaker. A
given speaker is designed to produce a specific frequency range.
Not all materials and construction designs produce all sounds the
same: see tweeter, mid-range, woofer and subwoofer.

FLAT PANEL SPEAKER

Flat Panel Speakers use voice coils or other apparatus mounted to flat
panels to act as
the source of sound. The flat panel acts as a diaphragm. Below are some
examples of different designs. Different materials can be used as a
diaphragm, from vinyl to Styrofoam. This is different from a diaphragm
speaker in that the moving voice coil is not wrapped around the same
material as the flat panel. The panel part is adhered to the coil assembly.
Standard flat panel electrodynamic loudspeakers have been difficult to
make because it is
difficult to vibrate the entire flat surface evenly while creating good
frequency response. Thus other speaker types have evolved to try to
make a flat speaker.

PLANAR MAGNETIC SPEAKERS

Has a conductor attached/embedded in the diaphragm of Styrofoam. The diaphragm
moves forward and backward to make sound. This type of speakers works better
than a standard flat electrodynamic loudspeaker because the entire Styrofoam flat
surface moves easily.
The electrostatic flat panel speaker uses two metal grids with a diaphragm made of
a plastic sheet. The sheet is coated with graphite which is electrically conductive.
The diaphragm has a constant charge, high voltage audio signal is created by the
grids which are really electrodes.
The other less used common term is Isodynamic, which means, having equal force,
and
refers to the zones of evenly distributed magnetic force in the driver within which
the electrical conductors are immersed. Isodynamic magnetic systems exist in
numerous types of devices. For example, Isodynamic separators can sort streams
of powders of mixed materials having differing magnetic permeability.
It has poor bass response but the speakers look interesting as a rectangular flat
screen. If
combined with a regular electrodynamic woofer it can be made into a full sound
system.

PIEZO ELECTRIC SPEAKERS

Piezoelectric speakers are limited in frequency response therefore
they are only used as tweeters or in small electrical devices like
watches/clocks to make simple sounds. Piezoelectronics are a
solid state technology which makes them durable and good for
use as a microphone underwater. These speakers are used as
microphones in submarine warfare; they can detect other
microphones and hear sounds of other vessels.

NOBLE PRIZE WINNER

Graphene, whose isolation led to the Nobel prize in physics for Andre Geim and
Konstantin Novoselov, is a single layer of graphite.
Owing to its remarkable mechanical and electronic properties, it is set to
revolutionise modern technology and new uses for it are continuously being
discovered. However, one of the big challenges is to fabricate large area films of
graphene.
Now, Jyongsik Jang and coworkers from Seoul National University have used
inkjet
printing and vapour deposition to deposit graphene oxide onto poly(vinylidene
fluoride) (PVDF), which is then reduced to create a graphene film. This
demonstrates not only a new method for making controlled graphene films, but

MAKING OF A SPEAKER
The permanent magnet is constructed by mixing iron oxide with strontium and then milling the
compound into a very fine powder. The power is mixed with a ceramic binder and then closed in a
metal die. The die is then placed in furnace and sintered to bond the mixture together.
The frame is constructed from an aluminum or steel sheet. The sheet arrives at the plant preformed.
It is then placed on a conveyor belt and transported to a cutting machine that used a hydraulic
press to cut holes in the sheet to allow free air movement from the cone. The sheet is then formed
by a hydraulic press that forces the sheet into a die of the desired shape. Mounting holes are then
drilled at their proper locations.
The cone, surround, and spider are individually formed out of composite paper and then glued
together as an assembly.
The voice coil is built by winding many turns of very fine insulated copper wire on a plastic bobbin.
The bobbin and voice coil assembly is glued to the dust cap of the cone assembly.
The frame, soft iron core, and permanent magnet are bolted together as an assembly.
The cone assembly is then attached to the frame assembly by first manually gluing the spider to the
base of the frame and then gluing the surround to the top of the frame.

NANOTECHNOLOGY & SPEAKERS

Nanotechnology leads to the world's first magnetic cellulose loudspeakers.
They're flat, ultra-thin and great-sounding. Now add the worlds first magnetic
cellulose membrane loudspeakers to the list of products that can be produced
from wood. These flat, sonorous and environmentally-friendly speakers are
made with a new material derived from wood pulp magnetic cellulose gel
which was developed at Stockholms KTH Royal Institute of Technology. Unlike
ordinary speakers, they require no heavy permanent magnets.
A KTH researcher in chemical sciences who supervised the doctoral research
behind the magnetic cellulose gel, says the new material may open the way
for innovations in such areas as acoustic applications for automobiles. The
sound quality is at least as good as in conventional speakers possibly better
because of the even distribution of forces created in the membrane. The idea
is to show the potential of natural and environmentally-sustainable materials
in everyday products.

The nanotechnology material, was created by

attaching magnetic nanoparticles to cellulose
nanofibrils. The cellulose comes from renewable
wood pulp and involves environmentally-friendly
water chemistry. The gel is cast into a membrane
which is then allowed to dry.
The membranes strength is that it has a rapid
reaction capability, which means a high degree of
precision in sound reproduction. With the cellulose
membrane speakers, the magnetic particles are part
of the membrane itself.
The KTH speaker has a coil, but it has no direct contact
with the cone, so the only thing that creates sound
is the movement of air. All of these components can
be manufactured at a very small scale. Professors
say We want to look at applications for the
material that are driven by magnetic fields.
It may, for example, be a form of active damping for
cars and trains. It could also involve technology
that cancels out noise.
Cellulose fibres covered with magnetic
nanoparticles have been used to make ultrathin
loudspeakers

CNT SPEAKERS
It was revitalised in 2008,when a team in Chinafound that they could extract
thermoacoustic sound from a new material: a thin, transparent film made from
microscopic tubes called carbon nanotubes (CNTs), aligned parallel to the plane of
the film.
These tiny tubes, whose walls are one atom thick and made from pure carbon, are
highly robust, need very little heat input to warm them up, and are extremely
good heat conductors just what is needed, in other words, to finally put the idea
of Arnold and Crandall into practice and create gossamer-thin loudspeakers.
So while the CNT speakers might have valuable applications such as sonar
Thats what Barnard and colleagues have sought to assess. One of the ways in
which to improve sound output is to surround the CNT film with a gas that has a
lower heat capacity than air, such as the inert gases helium, argon or xenon, as
this means a lower input of energy can create a big change in temperature, and
therefore pressure.
Another way to improve the sound output is to make the surface area of the film
bigger.

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