GROUP MEMBERS

Muhammad Kamran Sadiq

Muhammad Ismail
Muhammad Kamran
Waqar Rafiq

CASE HARDENING

CASE HARDENINGORSURFACE HARDENING

Case hardeningorsurface hardeningis the process ofhardeningthe

surface of a metal object while allowing the metal deeper underneath to

remain soft, thus forming a thin layer ofhardermetal (called the "case")
at the surface.
For steel or iron with lowcarboncontent, which has poor to no
hardenability of its own, the case hardening process involves infusing
additional carbon into the case.
Case hardening can provide a part that will not fracture (because of the
soft core that can absorb stresses without cracking) but also provides
adequatewear resistanceon the surface.

 Flame and induction hardening:

Flame or induction hardening are processes in which the surface of

the steel is heated to high temperatures (by direct application of a

flame, or byinduction heating) then cooled rapidly, generally using
water; this creates a "case" ofmartensiteon the surface.
A carbon content of 0.30.6 wt% C is needed for this type of
hardening.
Applications:

SHACKLE OF A LOCK

MECHANICAL GEARS

CARBURIZING

Carburizing is a process used to case harden steel with a carbon

content.
Carbon content is between 0.1 and 0.3 wt% C.
Steel is introduced to a carbon rich environment and elevated
temperatures for a certain amount of time, and then quenched so that
the carbon is locked in the structure
It is a diffusion-controlled process, so the longer the steel is held in the
carbon-rich environment the greater the carbon penetration will be and
the higher the carbon content.
Only a portion of a part can also be carburized either by protecting the
rest by a process such as copper plating, or by applying a carburizing
medium to only a section of the part .

TYPES OF CARBURIZING
On the basis of carbon source, there are three types of CARBURIZING

1. Pack Carburizing:

If carbon source is a Solid the process is called Pack Carburizing. Packing

low carbon steel parts with a carbonaceous material and heating for some
time diffuses carbon into the outer layers.
2. Liquid Carburizing:

If carbon source is a Liquid then Part is placed in a bath of a molten

carbon-containing material, often a metal cyanide
3. Gas Carburizing:

If carbon source is a Gas the process is called Gas Carburizing. Gas

carburizing involves placing the parts in a furnace maintained with a
methane-rich interior.

NITRIDING

Nitriding heats the steel part to 482621C (9001150F)

in an atmosphere of ammonia gas and dissociated

ammonia.
The hardness is achieved by the formation of nitrides.
Nitride forming elements includechromium,molybdenum,
andaluminium.
The advantage of this process is that it causes little
distortion, so the part can be case hardened after being
quenched, tempered and machined.

APPLICATIONS OF NITRIDING

Crankshaft

Die casting tools

Cam follower

Extrusion Dies

Camshaft

Injectors

CYANIDING

The part is heated to 871-954C (1600-1750F) in a bath ofsodium cyanideand then is

quenched and rinsed, in water or oil, to remove any residual cyanide.

2NaCN + O2 2NaCNO

2NaCNO + O2 Na2CO3+CO + N2
2CO CO2+ C
Cyaniding produces a thin, hard shell (between 0.25 - 0.75mm, 0.01 and 0.03inches) that

is harder than the one produced by carburizing.

Parts have less opportunity to distort as the process completes in 20-30 minutes.
Cyanide salts are poisonous which is its big drawback

 APPLICATIONS OF CYANIDING
It is typically used on small parts.
Following parts can be case hardened by cyaniding process

NUTS BOLTS AND SCREWS

SMALL GEARS

CARBONITRIDING

Carbonitridingis a metallurgicalsurface modificationtechnique that is used to increase

the surfacehardnessof a metal, thereby reducingwear.

If the part is to be quenched, it is heated to 775885C (14271625F); if not, then the

part is heated to 649788C (12001450F).

Nitrogen is adsorbed at the surface anddiffusesinto the workpiece along with carbon.
Atoms ofcarbonandnitrogendiffused interstitially into the metal, create barriers toslip,

increasing the hardness andmodulusnear the surface.

APPLICATIONS OF CASE HARDENING

Engine Camshaft

Rifle Bolt

Self Driving screws

Firing Pins

Single Action Revolver