Biomlecules 2

Biomolecules
Molecules that make up living

things
Biological molecules
Types of Biological Molecules

Water
Nucleic acids
Proteins
Lipids
Carbohydrates
Organic Compounds
Most Biomolecules are organic

This means they are based on
Carbon and include hydrogen
Includes carbohydrates, lipids,
proteins and nucleic acids
Also includes vitamins
Macromolecules
Large biomolecules
Many of these are polymers.
Polymers: long molecules built by linking

together small, similar subunits
(monomers)
Building up polymers
Condensation polymerization (aka

as dehydration synthesis) removes
an OH and H during synthesis of a
new molecule. ATP
Polymerization Diagram
Water is formed and ATP is

required
Water (H2O)
Monomers
energy
ATP
Polymer
ADP+pi
Breaking down polymers
Hydrolysis breaks a covalent bond

by adding OH and H from a water
molecule
Hydrolysis Diagram
Water is required
Water (H2O)
Polymer
Monomers
Types of Biomolecules
Carbohydrates
Carbohydrate means hydrated carbon
Composing elements C, H, O
Hydrogen and Oxygen are in a ratio of 2:1
Can be simple monomers like glucose
Can be complex polymers like cellulose

10
Groups of Carbohydrates
Carbohydrates
sugars
Monosaccharide
s (monomers)
Disaccharid
es( Dimers)
Polysaccharide
s (polymers)
11
Monosaccharides
C6H12O6
Fructose
Galactose
Glucose
12
Importance:
Energy source: used as a reactant

in respiration
Monomer Unit: used to form:
Dimers (disaccharides) and

Polymers (polysaccharides)
13
Disaccharides
Lactose: glucose + galactose

Maltose: glucose + glucose
Sucrose: glucose + fructose
sucrose
14
Condensation to form
Disaccharides
15
Importance:
Energy storage: sucrose is a store of

energy in sugarcane and sugar beets
Energy transport: carbohydrate is

transported in plants as sucrose
16
Polysaccharides
17
Structural Carbohydrates
Chitin arthropod exoskeleton and
fungal cell wall
modified form of cellulose
18
Glycogen
Amylases
Try making a
Respiration
Concept map
Use the following
Plants
terms to construct a
hydrogen Animals
concept map
Energy
oxygen
Monosaccharide
storage
glucose
Polysaccharide
sucrose Any others
Disaccharide
cellulose
Polymer
Starch
Monomer
Chitin
19
Protein
C,H,O,N and some have S
(a few might also have P due to

Addition of P in modification process
but P is not a component of amino acids)
insulin:C254H377N65O76S6
20
Made by Ribosomes
Amino acids are

JOIN together by
PEPTIDE BONDS
Following a
sequence
dictated by the
DNA
DNA
Transcription
mRNA
Translation
Polypeptid
e?/Protein
21
20 naturally
occurring and
encoded by DNA
About half can be made by our

body and about half need to be
consumed(Between 8-10 are
22
essential)
Amino Acids
Phenylalanine
(phe)
Glutamine
(gln)
Aspartic Acid
(asp)
23
20 different
amino acids
encoded by
the DNA
24
Folding of polypetides to
form Proteins
Shape of a proteins are important

because
This determines how they interact
with other molecules
This determines their particular
function
25
Primary Structure
Peptide(phosphodiester) bonds
phe
glu
tyr
ser
iso
met
phe
glu
secondary
Structure
26
Tertiary Structure
Quaternary
Structure
27
Summary
28
29
CATALYSTS eg. lipase
30
REGULATION(hormones)
Eg Insulin
31
STRUCTURAL eg.Keratin
32
STRUCTURAL eg. Histone

Protein
33
TRANSPORT: eg
haemoglobin
34
TRANSPORT: protein
channels or carrier
proteins
35
IMMUNITY: eg Antibodies
36
CONTRACTILE: eg Actin and

Myosin
37
Muscle contraction and

relaxation
38
Surface receptors
39
Secondary Energy source
respiration
40
Try making a Concept map
Amino acid
R group
Peptide bond
Polypeptide
Catalysts
Hormones
Structures
Transport
Transport
Haemoglobi
n
Immunity
antibodies
Protein
channels
Proteases
Hydrogen
Oxygen
Nitrogen
Sulfur
Monomer
Polymer
Amino
group
41
Lipids
Composing elements C, H, O
Lipids are loosely defined as groups of organic

molecules that are insoluble in water. Their
chemical formula vary considerably.
Include:
fats
oils
Waxes
Phospholipids
steroids: sex hormones and cholesterol
some vitamins
glycolipids (lipids with
carbohydrates attached)
42
Lipid structure
Most lipids are composed of a of

glycerol molecule with attached fatty
GLYCEROL
acids
FATTY ACIDS
Fatty acid
Triglyceride
Fatty acid
Fatty acid
Phospholipi GLYCEROL
d
PO4
HYDROPHYLIC END
HYDROPHOBIC END
Fatty acid
Fatty acid
FATTY ACIDS
43
Lipid structure
Some lipids have a four ringed

structure
Eg. Cholesterol and other lipids
that are derived from cholesterol
44
Steroid Hormones
Progesterone: responsible for changes associated
with the menstrual cycle and with differentiation
factor for mammary glands
Aldosterone: raises blood pressure and fluid

volume, increases Na+ uptake
Testosterone: male sex hormone synthesized in
the testes, responsible for secondary male sex
characteristics
Estradiol: an estrogen, principal female sex
hormone, produced in the ovary, responsible for
secondary female sex characteristics
Cortisol: involved in stress adaptation, elevates
blood pressure and Na+ uptake, numerous effects
on the immune system
45
Saturated fatty acid
Their fatty acids

have no double bonds between carbon
atoms(have maximum number of
hydrogen atoms)
Straight structure
Unhealthy fats usually from animal
sources
Solid at room temperature(20C)
Saturated fats:
46
Unsaturated fatty acid
Unsaturated
fats
Their Fatty acids have:
Have some carbon atoms that are
double bonded(not fully hydrogenated)
Kinked in shape
Healthy
From plant sources
Liquid at room temperature (20C)

47
Importance; Biological
Role
Used to store energy (approx 36 kj/gram)

Fat cell
Mitochondrion
(false color TEM)
Lipids are often stored in special adipose

tissue, within large fat cells
Lipids are concentrated sources of energy and can be

broken down (through fatty acid oxidation in the
mitochondria) to provide fuel for aerobic respiration
48
Role
An important structural component of

membranes
Phospholipids are the primary structural component

of all cellular membranes, such as the plasma
membrane (false color TEM above).
49
Role
acts as a shock absorber

and good insulator
The white fat tissue (arrows) is
visible in this ox kidney
Fat absorbs shocks.

Organs that are prone to
bumps and shocks (e.g.
kidneys) are cushioned with
a relatively thick layer of fat.
Stored lipids provide insulation

in extreme environments.
Increased body fat levels in
winter reduce heat losses to
the environment.
50
Role
Water proofing of some

surfaces
Transmission of
chemical messages
via hormones
Waxes and oils, when

secreted on to surfaces
provide waterproofing in
plants and animals.
51
Forming a triglyceride
NOT a Polymer
52
Try making a Concept map
Glycerol
Fatty acids
Steroids
Ring structure
Triglycerides
Saturated
unsaturated
lipases
Carbon
Insulation
Phospholipi
d
Membrane
Hormones
Energy
Hydrogen
Oxygen
Waxes
Oils
Fats
Shock
absorption
53
Nucleic Acids
Composing elements: C, H , O, P, N
Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA)
Encodes information used to

assemble proteins.
Ribonucleic Acid (RNA)
Reads DNA-encoded information to

direct protein synthesis.
54
DNA nucleotides
55
Nucleotide structure
Phosphate
group
5
Nitrogen base
(A,G,C,T)
Deoxyribose
(sugar)
3
56
OH
57
Nucleotide structure
5
58
59
pyrimidines
purines
60
61
62
Try Making a Concept map
Nucleotide
Monomer
Polymer
DNA
mRNA
RNA
tRNA
rRNA
genetic
information
Amino acids
Ribosome
carbon
Hydrogen
Oxygen
Nitrogen
Phosphorus
63
END OF PRESENATION
64

Biomlecules 2

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Biomlecules 2

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Biomolecules

Molecules that make up living

Types of Biological Molecules

Most Biomolecules are organic

Polymers: long molecules built by linking

Condensation polymerization (aka

Water is formed and ATP is

Breaking down polymers

Hydrolysis breaks a covalent bond

Carbohydrate means hydrated carbon

Hydrogen and Oxygen are in a ratio of 2:1

Can be simple monomers like glucose

Can be complex polymers like cellulose

Energy source: used as a reactant

Dimers (disaccharides) and

Lactose: glucose + galactose

Energy storage: sucrose is a store of

Energy transport: carbohydrate is

modified form of cellulose

C,H,O,N and some have S

(a few might also have P due to

Amino acids are

About half can be made by our

Shape of a proteins are important

CATALYSTS eg. lipase

STRUCTURAL eg. Histone

CONTRACTILE: eg Actin and

Muscle contraction and

Secondary Energy source

Try making a Concept map

Lipids are loosely defined as groups of organic

Most lipids are composed of a of

Some lipids have a four ringed

Aldosterone: raises blood pressure and fluid

Saturated fatty acid

Their fatty acids

Unsaturated fatty acid

Liquid at room temperature (20C)

Used to store energy (approx 36 kj/gram)

Lipids are often stored in special adipose

Lipids are concentrated sources of energy and can be

An important structural component of

Phospholipids are the primary structural component

acts as a shock absorber

Fat absorbs shocks.

Stored lipids provide insulation

Water proofing of some

Waxes and oils, when

Try making a Concept map

Encodes information used to

Ribonucleic Acid (RNA)

Reads DNA-encoded information to

Try Making a Concept map

You might also like