Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Course : S.I.
Group members
Sundus Karim
Iqra Gulzar
Komal
Marylyn
Fatima
Azeem
Huzaifa
Huzaifa
Marylyn
y = 1.5 +
0.5x
4
3
2
1
00
5
Linear relationship
The technique of line-fitting, known as regression is used to
measure how well a line fits a scatter of plots.
When the data points form a straight line on the graph, the
linear relationship between the variables is stronger and the
correlation is higher.
The following scatterplot shows a strong linear relationship
between the two variables.
We say that these two variables are highly correlated.
Fatima
Komal
Iqra
x X y Y
n 1
x X y Y
(n 1) sx s y
z z
x y
(n 1)
+1 and -1.
A correlation of either 1 or -1 means perfect
association between the two variables.
A correlation of 0 means that there is no association.
Note: correlation does not mean causation. We can
only investigate causation by reference to our theory.
However (thinking about it the other way round) there
is unlikely to be causation if there is not correlation.
Azeem
Worked Example:
x
13
x in
standardized
units
y in
standardized
units
Product
(x X )
sx
Average of x = 4, SD = 2
Average of y = 7, SD = 4
Worked Example:
x
x in
standardized
units
y in
standardized
units
-1.5
-0.5
-0.5
0.5
0.0
0.0
0.5
-1.5
13
1.5
1.5
Product
(x X )
sx
Average of x = 4, SD = 2
Average of y = 7, SD = 4
Worked Example:
x
x in
standardized
units
-1.5
-0.5
0.75
-0.5
0.5
-0.25
0.0
0.0
0.00
0.5
-1.5
-0.75
13
1.5
1.5
2.25
Average of x = 4, SD = 2
Average of y = 7, SD = 4
Note: reminder of how to
standardize scores:
(x X )
z
sx
y in
standardized
units
Product
Explained Variation
Pearsons r measures strength of association
Point of
averages
r x SDy
SDx
Sundus