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Excellent text books are already available dealing with the design theory and
operation of power transformers. (l) This chapter therefore concentrates on
highlighting certain important aspects of:
Voltage selection-calculation of transformer voltage ratio, specification of
insulation levels, examples of voltage regulation, rating, tap ranges and
impedance calculations.
Thermal aspects-specification of temperature rise and ambient conditions. Some
comments are made on constructional features of different types of transformer in
common use together with the purpose and selection of accessories. A review of
the relevant IEC Standards and summary of the parameters to be specified by the
user when detailing a transformer for a particular application are given.
Introduction
A current transformer is used to transform a primary current quantity in terms of
its magnitude and phase to a secondary value such that in normal conditions the
secondary value is subs proportional to the primary value. IEC I 5 covers CTs for
measuring and protective applications.
Protection CT classifications
Protection CTs, unlike measuring CTs, may be required to operate at many times
full load current. Linearity under these conditions is not of great importance. The
essential point is that saturation must be high enough to drive the magnetizing
current and the secondary current under fault conditions, There are three classes
of protection CTs 5P or lOP (P stands for protection) and X.
5P or l0P classification
Several terms are used in connection with CTs and these are described below:
Composite error
Under steady state conditions the r.m.s. value of the difference between the
instantaneous values of the primary current and the actual secondary current
multiplied by the rated transformation ratio.
Fig. 1
Typical
magnetizing
characteristic
Class X. classification
For protective purposes current transformer heat ions may be defined in
terms of the knee point. This is the voltage applied to the secondary
terminals of the C I. wit It all other windings being open circuited, which,
when increased by 10%. causes the exerting current to he increased by
50%. A typical CT magnetizing characteristic is shown in Fig.1 .
In addition the CT must be of the low reactance type and the turns ratio
error must not exceed 0.25%. Bar type CTs with jointless ring cores and
evenly distributed secondary windings will provide negligible secondary
winding leakage reactance and will usually satisfy this reaelanee
requirement. For Class X CTs turns compensation is not permitted and a
400/I Class X CT should have exactly 400 turns. Such carefully controlled
CTs are used in pilot sure and balanced differential protection schemes
and the manufacturer usually provides an excitation curve at the design
stage which may be later confirmed by routinetesting and site tests. Such
CTs could be specilied for use with IDMTL relays but this is not usual.
Other standards
American Standards designate (is with negligible secondary
leakage reactance as Class C and the performance may be
calculated in a similar manner to RS3938 Class X CTs. (lass T
(Ts have some leakage and tests are called the ANSI
Standards to establish relay performance. In addition to the
leakage reactance classification the (Is are specilied with a
permissible burden in ohms equivalent to 25, 50. 100 or 200 VA
for 5 A-rated Cl The secondary terminal voltage rating is the
voltage the transformer will deliver to a standard burden at 20
times rated secondary current without exceeding l0% ratio
resurrection . This is not exactly equivalent to he (lass X Ci
knee point s-olta since the terminal voltage will he of a lower
value due to losses in the secondary winding resistance.
Metering CTs
For nonprotection purposes metering (Ts need perform very accurately but only
over the normal range of load tip to. say. l3tl% till load current. Metering ls are
specified in terms of:
ratio
rated secondary burden
accuracy class.
Accuracy classes recognized by IEC 185 are 0.1, 0.2, 0.5, and I. Accuracy classes 3 and 5 arc
also available from manufacturers. For each class the ratio and phase angle error must he
within specified limits at 5.20. IOU and I 20t of rated current. A class 0.2 metering CT means
that at 20% of the rated current the percentage ratio error will be 0.2, i.e. for a class 0.2 CT
with a rated secondary current of 5 A the actual secondary current would be SA 0.01 A.
Phase displacement error is also specified in the standard. For special applications an
extended current range up to 200/o may be specified Above these ranges accuracy is
considered to he unimportant since thest conditions will only occur under abnormal fault
conditions. There is at advantage in the CT being designed to saturate under fault conditions
so that the connected metering equipment will have a lower short-time therina withstand
requirement. It is preferable not to use common CTs to supply hot] protection and metering
equipment. If. for example, only one set of protection CTs is available then it is good practice
to separate the from the protection relays by means of storable interposing CT or by adding
storable shunt reactors. This has the advantage of protecting the instrumentation and reducing
the overall burden under Fault conditions.
Core materials:
Core materials
Non -oriented silicon steel usually least expensive.
Grain-oriented cold rolled silicon steel gives a higher knee point voltage and
lower magnetizing current.
Space considerations:
The design of a CT is based upon the best compromise between choosing
maximum core cross-section for the highest knee point voltage and choosing
maximum cross-section of copper for he s winding to- achieve the lowest
winding resistance.
The transition from steady state current to fault current conditions is accompanied
by a direct current component. The magnitude of the DC component depends
upon the point on the wave at which the fault occurs.
Fig. 3. Ring CT
Terminal markings
The terminals of a CT should be marked as indicated in the diagrams shown in
Fig. 2. The primary current flows from P1 to P2 and it is conventional to put the P1
terminal nearest the circuit breaker. The secondary current flows from SI to 52
through the connected leads and relay burden. A typical ring CT is shown in Fig. 3.
Checking the correct polarity of CTs is essential for differential protection schemes
and a simple method is explained .
Specifications
Typical format for setting out CT requirements on a substation circuitbycircuit
basis. Open terminal substation CTs will also require insulator details (creep age,
arcing horns, impulse withstand, etc.) to he specified.
Electromagnetic VTs
These are fundamentally similar in principle to power
transformers but with rated outputs in VA rather than kVA or
MVA. It is usual to use this type voltage transformer up to
system rated voltages of 36 kV. Above this voltage level
capacitor VTs become cost effective and are more frequently
used. The accuracy depends upon the control of leakage
reactance and windins resistance which determines how the
phase and voltage errors vary witf burden. Permeability and
core losses affect the magnetizing current and the errors at
low burdens. Therefore electromagnetic measurement VTs
normal operate at lower flux densities than power
transformers. The derivation of residual voltages for earth
fault protection using open delta ten windings and five lath or
three single phase \is is explained .