HISTORY

FA
RISE OF
NATIONALISM
IN INDIA

GROUP
MEMBERS
-Bhavi Chawla
-Rishabh Bhandari
-Archit Agarwal
-Neha Singh

MAHATMA
GANDHI

Mahatma Gandhi was the fore front eminent political and ideological
leader during the Indian independence movement.
He pioneered satyagraha, resistance to tyranny through mass civil
resistance.
His philosophy was firmly founded upon truth and ahimsa
(nonviolence).
His philosophy and leadership helped India gain independence and
inspired movements for civil rights and freedom across the world.
He inspired many prominent Leaders across the World, who applied his
principles in their own countries, in fight against tyranny and for
gaining Independence.
Gandhiji is referred to as Mahatma or "Great Soul" (magnanimous), an
honorific first applied to him by Rabindranath Tagore).
In India, he is also called Bapu and officially honored in India as the
Father of the Nation. His birthday, 2 October, is commemorated as
Gandhi Jayanti, a national holiday, and worldwide as the International
Day of Non-Violence.
Gandhi was assassinated on 30 January 1948 by Nathuram Godse of
RSS.

IDEOLOGIES OF MAHATMA GANDHI:

SATYAGRAHA
Satyagraha, loosely translated as "insistence on truth"
or "soul force"or "truth force," is a particular
philosophy and practice within the broader overall
category generally known asnonviolent
resistanceorcivil resistance.
Against racialism in south Africa- philosophy action
satyagraha
2 major elements-TRUTH and NON VIOLENCE
Passive resistance weapon of the weak, satyagraha is
the weapon of the strong.
The term "satyagraha" was coined and developed
byMahatma Gandhi. He deployed satyagraha in
theIndian independence movementand also
during his earlier struggles inSouth Africa
for Indian rights.

spontaneous protests all over

Bengal. 500 meetings were held in
East Bengal alone. 50,000 copies of
a pamphlet with a detailed critique
of partition were distributed. This
phase is marked by moderate
techniques of protest such as
petitions, public meetings, press
campaign, etc. to turn public opinion
in India as well as inBritainagainst
partition. This movement also
involved theboycottof British
products. Western clothes were
thrown onto bonfires. To let the
British know how unhappy the
Indians were at the partition of
Bengal, leaders of the anti-partition
movement decided to use only
Indian goods and to boycott British
goods. People gathered at the cross
roads and burnt the imported
clothes that they had. People
picketed the shops selling foreign
goods, and imported sugar was
boycotted. People also resolved to

SWADES
HI

VALUE BASED POLITICS

Introduced moral
values into politics.
Used courage ,patience
and suffering to achieve
higher goals in life.
Advocated legal and
extra legal methods to
achieve freedom.
Restored to fast and
penance during the
communal riots in
Kolkata.
Was convinced in not
using physical brute force.
Won international
sympathy for his cause
because of his peace
loving attitude.

MASS
Before Gandhiji National
MOVEMENT
Movement was confined to
cities towns and the
intellectuals.
He involved mass women,
workers, farmers.
Masses cooperated with
him in the Non
Cooperation Movement
and the Quit India
Movement.
Exploded the myth of the
Moderates that India could
be freed with the help of
foreign rule.
He made use of the
constitutional and extra
constitutional mass action
in the freedom struggle.

Concern for the poor and the

oppressed
Loved the poor and the oppressed and won their sympathy
and support.
Worked for the abolition of untouchability .
Setup the Village Industries Association.
Advocated the use of khaadi in order to improve the lot of
the villages.
1917 the campaign against the system of indenture.
Fought for the rights of the indigo cultivators in Champaran
in Bihar. Made the British planters refund the illegal
collections , succeeded in abolishing illegal practices.
On the day of independence he was busy with riot torn
areas in East Bengal.
His greatest movement : Non cooperation and Civil
Disobedience Movement.

Circumstances
leading to the Non
Cooperation
Movement
1. The Rowlatt Act of 1919
2. The Jallianwala Bagh
Tragedy
3. The Khilafat Movement

The Rowlatt Act 1919- BLACK ACT

Rowlatt Act was named after the President of the
committee.
Rowlatt Act passed a set of new repressive measures to
counter all political unrest which manifested itself
in many situations
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

Gandhiji in 1917- Champaran Satyagraha in Bihar

to fight against indigo planters.
Forced the govt to make investigations into
farmers grievances and fins a solution.
Ahemdabad Mill employees strikes in 1918-1919
against exploitation.
With Sardar Patel led a successful Kisan campaign
in Khaira (Gujarath)
Indian soldiers were disillusioned with the political
conditions in India

According to the Rowlatt Act:

1. The Govt could use the
extraordinary repressive powers, it
had during the war.
2. It could arrest any person without
assigning any reason for the arrest,
search any place without a warrant
and imprison anyone without trial.
-An all-India hartal was observed
on8th April 1919- to show peoples
resentment to the inhuman
repressive measures. The whole
Indian Press supported it.
-Gandhi came to the forefront and
took the lead of the freedom
movement in his hands.

The Jallianwala Bagh Traged

On 13th April 1919- people organised a peaceful
general meeting in a small garden in Amritsar
(enclosed plot of ground known as Jallianwala
Bagh)
Against the proclamation issued by General
Dyer on12th April which forbade public meetings
and processions.
-People were not informed of this proclamation.
-General Dyer ordered troops to fire without
warning
the people, closed the only exit.
- Thus Martial Law was proclaimed in Punjab.

The Khilafat Movement

Policy of non violent and non cooperation
was used in India for the first time in
Khilafat Movement .
Khilafat Movemebt adopted Non
Cooperation programme to fight against
the British.
Programme were launched = boycott of
Legislative Councils, foreign goods, govt
Schools and colleges, govt functions and
surrendering of titles and distinctions.
In 1921- the KM appealed to all the
Muslims not to join the police or armed
forces, and not to pay taxes.
Vast possibility of Hindu Muslim unity,
joint front against BI
Congress extended its support to
KM.Hartals, protests, scenes of Hindu
Muslim unity were witnessed in different

n Cooperation Movemen
Non Cooperation Movement involved many
conditions which were the following:
1. Surrendering of the titles and offices and
resignation from nominated posts in the
local bodies.
2. Boycott of Government schools, colleges
and law courts.
3. Boycott of foreign goods and adoption of
Swadeshi.
4. Boycott of election and other Govt
functions.

Repression by the Government

People began to have strikes everywhere
Govt declared the Congress an unlawful organization
and arrested many of its members & volunteers.
People defied Govt orders and were jailed.
Spirit of Sacrifice and Freedom filled the hearts of
the Indians
On December 1921 in Session of Congress at
Ahmadabad it was decided to continue the Non
Cooperation Movement with greater vigour.

Chauri Chaura
Incident
the movement
was non violent.

So far
In A village near Gorakhpur violent mob stormed
and burnt a police station and killed 22 policemen.
Gandhiji was visibly moved and greatly
disappointed
He Realised that the country was not yet ripe for a
non violent struggle and suddenly announced the
suspension of the movement.
He Believed that Violence would breed
violence.
Congress leaders were shocked at his decision.
Gandhiji was arrested and sentenced for 6 years
imprisonment and the charge of sedition.

Outcome of the NC
Movement
The movement brought Gandhi Ji into close touch with the masses.
Gandhi Ji lived like a simple villager and became the symbol of the
poor and the downtrodden
The movement surpassed all caste and creed distinctions in
society
The movement united the Hindus and Muslims
By bringing about sentiments of nationalism, it tried to remove
caste distinctions in matters relating to the national interest.
Congress became a revolutionary organization because it adopted
a new and changed programme
The movement provided a national base to the Congress making it
a genuine revolutionary organization
Indians realized by experience- passive resistance was more
powerful than any weapons used by the British
Indians realized that passive resistance was more powerful than
any weapons used by the British

Events leading to the

vil Disobedience Moveme
1. Simon Commission
2. Recommendations of the
Commission
3. The Congress Session at Lahore

1. Simon Commission
1927
A Commission would be set up to assess the merits
of the Govt of India Act of 1919 at the end of 10
years, in order to advise the Govt about the next
step to be taken.
After its chairman Sir John Simon.
The Commission was - to tour the country- meet
various political leaders- and tell govt about the
next constitutional reforms.
All white and no Indian.
Self respect of the Indians was
hurt.
All the political leaders decided
to boycott.

Recommendations of the
Commission
1.

2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

Complete autonomy in the provinces including the

department of Law and order, but the governor should
be given over- riding powers in certain matters like
internal security.
There should be a federal Govt at the centre, consisting
of British India and the Princely States.
British Troops and British Officers should stay on in
Indian regiments for many years.
Provincial Legislative Councils should be enlarged.
The Governor- General should be free to select and
appoint members of his cabinet.
High Courts should be under the administrative control
of the Govt of India.

 Commission submitted its Report on 27 th May, 1930.

Indian leaders were unhappy because the
Commission proposed a limited transfer of power in
the provinces with many restrictions.
Commission granted a political revolution.
Turning point in Indias struggle for Freedom.
CD movement began as a protest against the
Commission.
The Nehru Report and the Demand for Poorna Swaraj
erealso the offshoots of the political excitement
created by protests against this Commission.

3. The Congress Session at

Lahore
Annual Session of Congress as Lahore in
December, 1929 under the Chairmanship of
Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru, a resolution for
complete independence, Poorna Swaraj was
passed.
First Independence Day was celebrated on 26th
Jan 1930 in Kolkatta.
Indian National Flag was hoisted and
independence pledge by Congressmen.
26th Jan 1950 India became Republic and its
Constitution was promulgated.

CIVIL DISOBEDIENCE
The CWC vestedMOVEMENT
MG with full power to launch the CD

Movement.
CDM was organized to disobey the Laws made by the
British Govt.
Programme- non violent Sathyagraha, boycott of Schools
and Colleges, courts and foreign goods, picketnig of shops,
burning of foreign cloth, spinning, large scale fighting
against untouchability, breaking the salt laws and no-tax
campaigns.

Dandi March
Gandhi ji started the CIVIL DISOBEDEINCE MOVEMENT ON
12th March 1920 with his famous Dandi March.
Dandi is a village on the sea-cost of Gujarat.
78 followers walked for 200 miles.
Dandi March violated the Govt laws which forbade anyone to
manufacture salt.
1st time in the History of India men & women were mobilized
for the national struggle.
Worked together against harassment of the British Govt.
Movement spread rapidly.
RESULT
British administration was put out of gear in many places.
Midnapur in Bengal went out of the control of the Govt
Peasants in United Provinces refused to pay taxes to the Govt
North West Frontier- the Pathans adopted the policy of NC
under the leadership of Khan Abdul Ghaffar Kahn.

Results of Dandi March

Leaders and people were arrested on 5 th May
1930,Congress was declared illegal, Hartals all over
the country, 60,000 were imprisoned, firing at 29
places, Sholapur at Maharashtra became almost
independent.
British failed to suppress the movement. More the
repression greater was the determination of the
Congress volunteers. Passive resistance of the
Congress volunteers against the lathi charges and
firing aroused admiration of non Congressmen.
Band of Volunteers Red Shirts paralysed the Govt,
Gharwal Regiment posted at NWFP refused to fire on
the RSV also called as Kudhai Khidmatgars
Disobedience of Govt order was a bad Omen for the
Govt and began to think of conciliation.

ROUND TABLE CONFERENCE

Lord Irwin the Viceroy announced that a RTC of British
statesmen and Representatives of British India and Indian
States would be held in London in November. 1930.
To find an acceptable solution to the Indian Leaders for a
political settlement.
The Congress reacted unfavorably.
Congress wanted summoning of a Constituent Assembly to
draft a Constitution for India.
British Government refused and went ahead with its plan of
RTC.
Congress decided to Boycott and decided to launch
another Civil Disobedience Movement.

GANDHI - IRWIN PACT

Realization of British Govt.
They felt that they could not underestimate the genuine feelings
of nationalism.
British were eager to compromise.
Sir Tej Bahdur Sapru and D. Jaykar became the mediators.
Leaders were released from jail in Jan 1931.
Understanding between Gandhiji and Irwin- Concluded a pact
known as GIP.
Gandhi ji called of CDM, Gandhiji agreed to attend II RTC in
London, agreed to stop boycotting British goods,
Government : - Viceroy agreed to withdraw ordinances
promulgated against CDM, release people from jail, return the
seized property, allowed the peaceful picketing of liquor and
opium shops and allow people living within some distance of the
seas shore to collect or manufacture salt, free from any tax or
duty.

Second Round Table Conference

-1931

Sole representative from m Congress was Mahatma

Gandhi.
Representatives of Muslims, Sikhs, Christians and
princes.
Gandhi ji pressed for immediate and full responsible
Govt.
No agreement communal representation.
Disgusted Gandhi ji left England in December 1931.

Renewal of CDM- 192334

Gandhi returned on 28th Dec 1931.
Renewed the Civil Disobedience Movement
on 1st Jan 1932.
People picketed British shops and liquor
shops, organised Salt Satyagrahas and
violated forest laws, refused to pay rents
and revenues, Congress held illegal
sessions as it was banned, Land, houses
and property were confiscated, national
leaders were jailed while the communalists
were given a wide scope to inflame
communalism.

SUMMARY ROLE OF MAHATMA

GANDHI
Gandhi first employed civil disobedience while working as an
expatriate lawyer in South Africa. He fought for the resident
Indian community's struggle for civil rights. After his return to
India in 1915, he organised protests by peasants, farmers, and
urban labourers concerning excessive land-tax and
discrimination. After assuming leadership of the Indian National
Congress in 1921, Gandhi led nationwide campaigns to ease
poverty, expand women's rights, build religious and ethnic
amity, end untouchability, and increase economic self-reliance.
Above all, he aimed to achieve Swaraj or the independence of
India from foreign domination.
Gandhi famously led his followers in the Non-cooperation
movement that protested the British-imposed salt tax with the
400 km (240 mi) Dandi Salt March in 1930.
He launched the Quit India Movement in 1942, demanding
immediate independence for India. Gandhi spent a number of
years in jail in both South Africa and India.

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