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KIDAPAWAN

Understandin
Earthquake
g
and
HAZARDS
NANE M. DANLAG

KIDAPAWAN

A weak to violent
shaking of the ground
produced by the sudden
movement of rock
materials below the
earths surface

KIDAPAWAN

Types of Natural Earthquakes


Tectonic
Volcanic
earthquakes produced by sudden
movement along faults and plate
boundaries

earthquakes produced by movement of


magma beneath volcanoes

What is a

VOLCANO?

VOLCANO - the term signifies a vent,

hill, or mountain from which molten or


Hot rocks with gaseous materials are
ejected. The term also applies to craters,
hills or mountains formed by removal of
pre-existing materials or by accumulation
of ejected materials

PHIVOLCS CLASSIFICATION OF VOLCAN

ACTIVE VOLCANO
-with eruption in historic times
-local seismic activity
-oral folkloric history
-14C dating <10,000 years
- 23 active volcanoes

INACTIVE VOLCANO
- no record of eruptions
- its form is beginning to change by
the agents of weathering and erosion
via formation of deep and long gullies

POTENTIALLY ACTIVE VOLCANO


- geologically young, possibly erupted
<10,000 (composite volcanoes) and
<25,000 (for calderas)
- geomorphologically young:
low degree of erosion and dissection,
young vent features, +/- vegetation cover,
suspected seismic activity
(PHIVOLCS classification introduced ~ 1997)

Why and how earthquakes occur?


LAYERS OF THE
EARTH

The earth has 3 layers


cor
core
e
mant
mantle
crust
le
crust

Why and how earthquakes occur?

Internal Structure of the Earth

Why and how earthquakes occur?


Outer layer of the earth
(CRUST) is broken into several
pieces

Major Tectonic Plates of


the World

Like an
eggshell with
cracks

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TECTONIC PLATES

Plate Tectonics

TRANSFORM

DIVERGENT

CONVERGENT

TYPES OF PLATE BOUNDARIES

KIDAPAWAN

Where do Earthquakes
occur?

KIDAPAWAN

Where do Earthquakes
occur?

KIDAPAWAN

Where do Earthquakes
occur?

Why and how earthquakes occur

Tectonic Plates in the vicinity of the Philippines

Location of Earthquake
Epicenter - point on the surface of
the earth directly above the focus

Focus - point inside the earth where the earthquake started

Measuring the STRENGTH of an Earthquake


Magnitude (energy)
measured by instruments
energy released at the
focus
Arabic numbers, e.g. 5.3,
7.8, etc.)

Intensity (shaking)
felt and observed
based on relative effect to people
and structures
generally higher near the
epicenter
Roman Numerals e.g. IV,
IX, etc.

seismometer

INTENSITY

1976 M 7.9 Moro Gulf


Earthquake

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INTENSITY
Roman Numerals
decreases with distance from epicenter
I Scarcely perceptible
II slightly felt
III - weak
IV moderately strong
V strong
VI very strong
VII destructive
VIII very destructive
IX devastating
X completely devastating

KIDAPAWAN

PHIVOLCS National Earthquake


29 permanent
(manned)
seismic
Monitoring
Network
stations
29 unmanned seismic stations
(using VSAT)
6 volcanological observatories
Kidapawan City
2 remote
stations (Parker
Zamboanga
Mindanao
City and
Matutum)
Seismic Dipolog City
Stations Cagayan de Oro
City
Davao City
Gen. Santos City
Bislig
Surigao City

KIDAPAWAN

GEN. SANTOS CITY SEISMIC STATION


MSU CAMPUS, BRGY. FATIMA, GEN. SANTOS CITY

TEL. NO.: (083) 553-8133

PHILIPPINE
SEISMICITY
Epicenters of
earthquakes
Magnitude 4 or greater
1907 2000
~20 earthquakes/day
~150 to 200 with felt
intensities/year
90 destructive
earthquakes in the past
400 years

Earthquake
Generators in the
Philippines
An ACTIVE FAULT is
defined as a fault,
which has moved
within the last 10,000
years.

SULU TRENCH

MINDANAO
FAULT

Active Fault

Trace
Approximate
COTABATO TRENCH

Active faults in Western

EARTHQUAKE HAZARDS
Ground shaking
- shake
Ground rupture
- cut
Liquefaction
- very soft soil
Tsunami
- wave
Landslides
- slope failure
secondary hazard:

Fire

GROUND SHAKING of 17 August 1976


Moro Gulf Earthquake

KIDAPAWAN

Magnitude
6.30
NEW
ZEALAND
Feb. 22, 2011

GROUND
RUPTURE

1990, Luzon EQ, Nueva Vizcaya

Ground Rupture and Fissuring

creation of new or the renewed movements of


old fractures, oftentimes with the two blocks
on both sides moving in opposite directions

GROUN
D
RUPTUR
E effects

Rizal, Nueva Ecija

Luzon
1990
Fault
Rupture

Ground Rupture
and Fissuring

LIQUEFACTION

Mindoro, 1994

- a process that transforms


the behavior of a body of
sediment from that of a
solid to that of a liquid

When the ground loses strength, anything built


on top of it may sink and tilt...
Dagupan, 1990

Cotabato, 1976

sca
e
d
i
sl
Land

Landslides and Rockfalls


slope failures in steep or hilly slopes

Landslides
and
Rockfalls

TSUNAMI
Giant sea waves due to
vertical large-scale
displacement of the sea
floor associated with a
strong shallow earthquake.

KIDAPAWAN

SECONDARY
HAZARD

FIRE

Magnitude
6.30
NEW
ZEALAND
Feb. 22, 2011

KIDAPAWAN

Telefax : (064) 5210596


Mobile No. :
09154387982

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