Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Understandin
Earthquake
g
and
HAZARDS
NANE M. DANLAG
KIDAPAWAN
A weak to violent
shaking of the ground
produced by the sudden
movement of rock
materials below the
earths surface
KIDAPAWAN
What is a
VOLCANO?
ACTIVE VOLCANO
-with eruption in historic times
-local seismic activity
-oral folkloric history
-14C dating <10,000 years
- 23 active volcanoes
INACTIVE VOLCANO
- no record of eruptions
- its form is beginning to change by
the agents of weathering and erosion
via formation of deep and long gullies
Like an
eggshell with
cracks
KIDAPAWAN
TECTONIC PLATES
Plate Tectonics
TRANSFORM
DIVERGENT
CONVERGENT
KIDAPAWAN
Where do Earthquakes
occur?
KIDAPAWAN
Where do Earthquakes
occur?
KIDAPAWAN
Where do Earthquakes
occur?
Location of Earthquake
Epicenter - point on the surface of
the earth directly above the focus
Intensity (shaking)
felt and observed
based on relative effect to people
and structures
generally higher near the
epicenter
Roman Numerals e.g. IV,
IX, etc.
seismometer
INTENSITY
KIDAPAWAN
INTENSITY
Roman Numerals
decreases with distance from epicenter
I Scarcely perceptible
II slightly felt
III - weak
IV moderately strong
V strong
VI very strong
VII destructive
VIII very destructive
IX devastating
X completely devastating
KIDAPAWAN
KIDAPAWAN
PHILIPPINE
SEISMICITY
Epicenters of
earthquakes
Magnitude 4 or greater
1907 2000
~20 earthquakes/day
~150 to 200 with felt
intensities/year
90 destructive
earthquakes in the past
400 years
Earthquake
Generators in the
Philippines
An ACTIVE FAULT is
defined as a fault,
which has moved
within the last 10,000
years.
SULU TRENCH
MINDANAO
FAULT
Active Fault
Trace
Approximate
COTABATO TRENCH
EARTHQUAKE HAZARDS
Ground shaking
- shake
Ground rupture
- cut
Liquefaction
- very soft soil
Tsunami
- wave
Landslides
- slope failure
secondary hazard:
Fire
KIDAPAWAN
Magnitude
6.30
NEW
ZEALAND
Feb. 22, 2011
GROUND
RUPTURE
GROUN
D
RUPTUR
E effects
Luzon
1990
Fault
Rupture
Ground Rupture
and Fissuring
LIQUEFACTION
Mindoro, 1994
Cotabato, 1976
sca
e
d
i
sl
Land
Landslides
and
Rockfalls
TSUNAMI
Giant sea waves due to
vertical large-scale
displacement of the sea
floor associated with a
strong shallow earthquake.
KIDAPAWAN
SECONDARY
HAZARD
FIRE
Magnitude
6.30
NEW
ZEALAND
Feb. 22, 2011
KIDAPAWAN