Buses Networks Interfacing

Digital Fundamentals: A Systems
Approach
Thomas L. Floyd
Buses, Networks, and Interfacing

Chapter 14
Ch.14 Summary
The Bus
Bus: A set of connections that allows two or more devices
to communicate with each other.
The term bus is used to refer to both the physical wires
and connectors, and to their electrical specifications.
Digital Fundamentals: A Systems Approach

Thomas L. Floyd
2013 by Pearson Higher Education, Inc

Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All Rights Reserved
Ch.14 Summary
Bus Properties
A bus has both physical and electrical properties (see below).
In order to communicate, each device connected to the bus

must be compatible with its physical properties and the electrical
properties (specifications).
Thomas L. Floyd

Ch.14 Summary
The System Bus

The system bus is the internal computer bus that connects
the major components of the system (CPU, memories, and
I/O).
The system bus is also
called the frontside
bus.
Computer systems
contain additional
internal buses.

Thomas L. Floyd

Ch.14 Summary
An Internal Computer Bus

PCI: Peripheral Component
Interface; a bus that allows
communication with devices
such as the hard disk and the
devices inserted in expansion
slots on the motherboard.
ISA: Industry Standard
Architecture bus; it allows the
CPU to communicate with
slower devices attached to the
motherboard.
The system bus, PCI bus and
ISA bus form the local bus.
Thomas L. Floyd

Ch.14 Summary
An Internal Computer Bus (Contd)
Bus Bridge: A device that

interfaces a faster bus with a
slower one.
Backside Bus: A bus that
connects the CPU directly to
the cache to provide faster
access to the RAM.

Thomas L. Floyd

Ch.14 Summary
Parallel and Series Buses

Buses can be configured for serial or parallel data
transmission.
Parallel data transmission may or may not be faster than
serial data transmission, depending on several factors.

Thomas L. Floyd

Ch.14 Summary
External Buses
An external bus connects a computer system to external
devices and/or other computer systems.

Thomas L. Floyd

Ch.14 Summary
Bus Parameters
Width: The number of bits that a bus can transmit at one time
Frequency: The clock frequency at which the bus can operate
Transfer speed: The number of bytes per clock cycle
Bandwidth: The number of bytes per clock cycle times the
number of clock cycle per second; i.e., the product of transfer
speed and frequency

Thomas L. Floyd

Ch.14 Summary
Typical Bus Characteristics

Thomas L. Floyd

Ch.14 Summary
Handshaking
Handshaking: A routine
by which two devices
initiate and complete a
bus transfer.

Thomas L. Floyd

Ch.14 Summary
Synchronous & Asynchronous Buses

Synchronous bus
Includes a clock in the control lines
Has a fixed protocol that is relative to the clock
Fast, but all devices connected to the bus must operate
at the same frequency
The physical length of the bus may be limited by the high
frequency clock signal
Asynchronous bus
Is not clocked
Can serve devices with different clock rates
Uses a handshake protocol to establish communications

Thomas L. Floyd

Ch.14 Summary
Single-Ended Operation
Single-ended operation is characterized by two wires; a
single data wire and a ground wire.
Single-ended operation is usually limited in both data

transmission rate and line length.
Thomas L. Floyd

Ch.14 Summary
Differential Operation
Differential operation is characterized by three wires; two
data wires and a ground wire.
One data wire carries the data signal, while the second carries an
inverted data signal. The difference between the two is called the
differential signal. The third wire is the ground wire.
Thomas L. Floyd

Ch.14 Summary
Handshaking Sequence

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Ch.14 Summary
Tristate Buffer
Interface

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Ch.14 Summary
Multiplexed I/O Operation

Thomas L. Floyd

Ch.14 Summary
The Processor Bus

The Processor Bus
Also known as the frontside
bus
Located on the motherboard
Transfers information to and
from
the main memory or cache
memory, and bridges the CPU to
other buses
The northbridge serves as an
interface to the AGP and RAM
The southbridge handles all
I/O
functionsAsuch
asApproach
audio, BIOS, 2013 by Pearson Higher Education, Inc
Digital Fundamentals:
Systems
Thomas L. Floyd
USB devices, IDE and ISA
Ch.14 Summary
The PCI Bus

The PCI Bus
An internal bus for interconnecting
chips, expansion boards, and
processor/memory subsystems
Located on the motherboard
The original PCI bus standard
was 32 bits/33 MHz. A newer
version has 64 bits/66 MHz.
PCI connectors are usually white
and wired to the motherboard

Thomas L. Floyd

Ch.14 Summary
A Typical Computer Motherboard

Thomas L. Floyd

Ch.14 Summary
The PCI-Express Bus

The PCI-express bus is often labeled PCIe or PCI-E.
Unlike PCI and PCI-X, PCI-E does not use a shared bus.
Each device has a dedicated connection to a circuit called a
switch.
The switch circuit
speeds up the data
transfers between
the various devices
on the bus.

Thomas L. Floyd

Ch.14 Summary
The PCI-Express Lanes

Lane: An individual path between the switch and a PCI-E device
A card slot can have 1, 2, 4, 8, 16, or 32 lanes.
More lanes translates into faster data transfer
Each lane has 2
pairs of conductors.
One pair receives
data and the other
sends data. Data
is transmitted in a
serial format.
Thomas L. Floyd

Ch.14 Summary
The IEEE-488 Bus

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Ch.14 Summary
The IEEE-488 Bus Pin Connections

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Ch.14 Summary
The SCSI Bus

SCSI: Small Computer System Interface
The SCSI is a
parallel I/O bus
that is used
primarily for data
transfer between
a computer
peripheral devices
SCSI symbol
Thomas L. Floyd

Ch.14 Summary
SCSI Control Signals

An SCSI bus has nine control
lines, and data, dc voltage, and
ground lines
The SCSI control signals are
shown here.

Thomas L. Floyd

Ch.14 Summary
Universal Serial Bus (USB)

USB: A widely used standard serial bus for connecting peripherals
to a computer
Computers typically have
two or more USB ports;
USB hubs can increase the
number of ports to 127.
The USB symbol,
speed comparison
chart, maximum data
rates and cable
lengths are shown.
Thomas L. Floyd

Ch.14 Summary
USB Cable and Connectors

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Ch.14 Summary
USB Packets

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Ch.14 Summary
USB 3.0 Connectors and Symbol

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Ch.14 Summary
Typical USB Connections

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Ch.14 Summary
The RS-232/422/423/485 Buses

RS-232: Once standard
for computer-toperipheral connections, it
provides for single-ended
data transmission in
either synchronous or
asynchronous formats.
The 25-pin and 9-pin
RS-232 connectors are
shown.

Thomas L. Floyd

Ch.14 Summary
RS-232/422/423/485 Bus Specifications

Thomas L. Floyd

Ch.14 Summary
The SPI Bus

SPI: Serial-to-Peripheral Interface
A synchronous serial communications bus that uses four wires
for
communication between a master device and a slave device.
These
wires are identified as follows:
MOSI (master out, slave in): from the master to
the slave; may be labeled SDO (serial data out)
MISO (master in, slave out): from the slave to the
master; may be labeled SDI (serial data in)
SCLK (serial clock): generated by the master to
synchronize data transfers
SS (slave select): generated by the master to
select an individual slave
Thomas L. Floyd

Ch.14 Summary
SPI Bus Connections

Thomas L. Floyd

Ch.14 Summary
The I2C Bus

I2C: Inter-Integrated Circuit; pronounced I squared C
Also referred to as I2C (pronounced I two C), it is an internal
serial bus that is used primarily for interconnecting ICs on a pc
board
Based on the master/slave design; the master drives the clock
and initiates all data transfers

Thomas L. Floyd

Ch.14 Summary
The CAN Bus

CAN: Controller Area Network
This differential serial bus was developed for automotive applications
and use in aerospace systems
Vehicles sold in the U. S. are required by the SAE (Society of
Automotive Engineers) to use the CAN protocol
Data is transmitted in NRZ format. The CAN data frame is shown
below.

Thomas L. Floyd

Ch.14 Summary
A System: Automobile Control System

Thomas L. Floyd

Ch.14 Summary
The Firewire Bus

Firewire: Also known as IEEE-1394 and iLink
An external serial bus developed by Apple, Inc. that is used in high-speed
communications and real-time data transfer in audio and video, camcorders,
DVD players, hard drives, and in some auto and aircraft applications.
Three types
of
connectors
(4-pin, 6-pin,
and 9-pin)
are used.

Thomas L. Floyd

Ch.14 Summary
Networks
Network: A set of computers and associated devices that
are interconnected in a specified way in order to
communicate to share information and resources
Examples
Two or more computers connected together so they can
communicate
A printer connected to several computers so that it acts as a common
(network) printer

Thomas L. Floyd

Ch.14 Summary
Network Topology
Network topology: The layout pattern of interconnections and
the protocol used to allow various devices to communicate with
each other
Physical topology: The way in which devices are connected to
the network with actual cables (i.e., physical connections)
Logical topology: The way in which data is moved through the
network.
Example
Ethernet; has both physical and logical characteristics and is used in
local area networks (LANs)

Thomas L. Floyd

Ch.14 Summary
Bus Network Topology

Bus Network Topology: a topology in which all devices are
connected to a single common bus.
When a data packet is transmitted, all the other devices have
access to the data packet
If two (or more) devices try to transmit information at the same
time, a collision occurs; the devices then arbitrate to see which
will resend its data
A bus failure will bring down the entire network

Thomas L. Floyd

Ch.14 Summary
Star Network Topology

Star Network Topology: also known as hub and spoke, it is
used in many home and small business networks
Each device is connected through
an individual cable to a central point
called a hub. The hub connects a
signal from any device to the other
devices on the network.
If a cable fails, the
system
still operates. If the hub
fails, the entire system
fails.
Thomas L. Floyd

Ch.14 Summary
Ring Network Topology

Ring Network Topology: The devices are daisy-chained, with each
being able to communicate with only its two adjacent devices.
Data frames include a series of
bits called a token. When a device
receives a data frame, it extracts
any date sent to it, attaches any
data it needs to send, and
transmits the data frame it to the
device.
next
The daisy-chain
operation continues until
the data frame returns to
its original source
device.
Thomas L. Floyd

Ch.14 Summary
Tree Network Topology

Bus Network Topology:
A hybrid network that
combines the bus
topology and the star
topology
The bus network topology
allows for expansion to
meet the needs of the
system

Thomas L. Floyd

Ch.14 Summary
Mesh Network Topology

Mesh Network Topology: A
network where each device is
physically connected to all the
others
Data can take more than one
possible route from one device to
another
Used in some WANs (Wide Area
Networks) such as the Internet.

Thomas L. Floyd

Ch.14 Summary
Network Protocol Technologies

Network Protocol Technology: A set of structures, rules, and
conventions that control how computers and other network
devices communicate with each other to exchange information
All devices in a network must conform to the physical and logical
topologies of that network.

Thomas L. Floyd

Ch.14 Summary
Open Systems Interconnection (OSI)

Open Systems Interconnection (OSI): A 7-layer model in which
all protocol operations and specifications for communicating on a
network are broken down into seven parts (layers).
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Physical: Defines the actual network hardware and physical characteristics

Data: Assigned to the data and data packet sequencing
Network: Determines logical protocol, addressing, and routing
Transport: Provides data flow control, error checking, and data recovery
Session: Opens, maintains, and closes communications between devices
Presentation: Converts data into a form that is usable by all the other layers
Application: Interacts with the application or operating system when files are
transferred, messages are read, or any other activity is required

Thomas L. Floyd

Ch.14 Summary
The Ethernet
Ethernet: A widely used LAN technology or protocol that uses a
process called carrier sense multiple access/collision detection
(CSMA/CD); the IEEE 802.3 standard
Typically employed in networks with bus, star, or tree topologies
Can transfer data at rates up to 10 Mbits/s
Three basic elements: the physical medium, a set of medium access
control rules, and a data frame
The data frame ranges from 64 to 1518 byes; the data is from 46 to 1500
bytes, and the remaining 24 bytes make up the CRC and other fields.

Thomas L. Floyd

Ch.14 Summary
CSMA/DC
CSMA/CD: The process used by Ethernet to access the network
CS: Carrier sense; a device wants to send data much check to
see if it has a medium (cable) over which to transmit.
MA: Multiple access; provides for any device to use the network
as long as no other device is transmitting
CD: Collision detection; provides for discarding data corrupted
by a collision that occurs when two devices attempt to transmit
at the same time

Thomas L. Floyd

Ch.14 Summary
Ethernet Star Topology

Ethernet Star Topology: Reduces the risk of collision and helps
avoid other system failures
The switch routes data from the source to the intended device.
None of the other devices receive the data.
A collision occurs
only if two or more
data sources try to
send data to the
same receiving
device at the
same time.

Thomas L. Floyd

Ch.14 Summary
Ethernet Cable and Connector

Thomas L. Floyd

Ch.14 Summary
TCP/IP
TCP/IP: Transmission Control Protocol / Internet Protocol;
the communication protocols for the Internet:
TCP provides for communication between applications
IP handles communication between computers and is
responsible for sending data packets to the right
destination.
Each computer on the Internet has a unique IP address

Thomas L. Floyd

Ch.14 Summary
TCP/IP Layers
TCP/IP has four layers (based on the OSI model): application,
transport, internet, and network interface

Thomas L. Floyd

Ch.14 Summary
Client/Server
Client/Server: An application architecture that handles tasks between
service providers (called servers) and service requesters (called clients)
Router: Routes data to
the proper destination
based on the IP address
Gateway: a network
point that provides
access to another
network; an interface
between two different
networks

Thomas L. Floyd

Ch.14 Summary
Key Terms
Client/Server A networking application architecture that handles tasks
between service providers (servers) and service requesters
(clients)
PCI Peripheral component interface; An internal synchronous

bus for interconnecting chips, expansion boards, and
processor/memory subsystems
ISA Industry standard architecture bus; also known as the AT

bus
Local bus The internal bus of a computer system which includes the
system bus and the PIC bus, among others
Parallel bus A bus consisting of multiple conductors that carries
several data buts simultaneously, one on each conductor

Thomas L. Floyd

Ch.14 Summary
Key Terms
Serial bus A bus that carries data buts sequentially, one at a time, on
a single conductor
Bus width The number of bits that a bus can transmit at one time
Bus frequency The clock frequency at which the bus can operate
Bus transfer speed The number of bytes per clock cycle
Bus bandwidth The number of bytes per clock cycle times the number of
clock cycles per second
Bus protocol A set of rules that allows two or more devices to

Handshake
communicate through a bus

A routine by which two devices initiate and complete a bus
transfer

Thomas L. Floyd

Ch.14 Summary
Key Terms
PCI-Express Also designated PCIe or PCI-E; it differs from the PCI and
PCI-X buses in that it does not use a shared bus
SCSI Small computer system interface bus; a parallel I/O bus

USB Universal serial bus; a widely used standard serial bus for
connecting peripherals to a computer
EIA-232 A bus standard known as RS-232 and used in industrial

and telecommunications applications as well as scientific
instrumentation, but largely replaced by USB in computer
applications
SPI Serial-to-peripheral interface bus; a synchronous serial

bus that uses four wires for communication between a
master device and a slave device
Thomas L. Floyd

Ch.14 Summary
Key Terms
I2C
CAN
Firewire
Network
Network topology
An internet serial bus used primarily for connecting ICs on

a pc board.
Controller area network; a bus standard used in
automotive and other applications
A high-speed external serial bus standard developed by
Apple, inc. and used in high-speed communications and
real-time data transfer
A set of computers and associated devices that are
interconnected in a specified way in order to
communication and share information and resources
The physical and logical arrangement of devices in a
network

Thomas L. Floyd

Ch.14 Summary
Key Terms
OSI
LAN
Ethernet
TCP/IP
IP Address
Open systems interconnection; a model in which all

protocol operations and communication specifications are
broken down into seven (7) parts called layers.
Local area network
A widely used standard LAN technology or protocol. Also
known as IEEE-802.3
Transmission control protocol/internet protocol; the
communication protocols for the Internet
Internet protocol address; an address assigned to each
device in a network that uses the internet protocol and
serves to identify the network and the location of the
device within the network

Thomas L. Floyd

Ch.14 Summary
Quiz
1. The physical properties of a typical bus includes:
a. The number of wires or pc board conductors
b. The configuration and length of the wires or
conductors
c. The types and configurations of the connectors
d. All of the above

Thomas L. Floyd

Ch.14 Summary
Quiz
2. The frontside bus of a computer connects
a. The CPU to the memory and I/O
b. The frontside of the CPU to a modem
c. The CPU directly to another computer on the
network
d. All of the above

Thomas L. Floyd

Ch.14 Summary
Quiz
3. The system bus connects to various PCI devices
via the
a.
b.
c.
d.
Backside bus
Bus bridge and PCI bus
ISA bridge
APG chipset and frontside bus

Thomas L. Floyd

Ch.14 Summary
Quiz
4. The number of bytes per clock cycle that can be
transferred by a bus is called
a.
b.
c.
d.
Bus width
Bus bandwidth
Bus transfer speed
Bus frequency

Thomas L. Floyd

Ch.14 Summary
Quiz
5. A set of rules that allows two or more devices to
communicate through a bus is called a
a.
b.
c.
d.
Standard
Protocol
Configuration
None of the above

Thomas L. Floyd

Ch.14 Summary
Quiz
6. Buses are classified as being
a.
b.
c.
d.
Serial or parallel
Internal or external
Synchronous or asynchronous
All of the above

Thomas L. Floyd

Ch.14 Summary
Quiz
7. Compared to single-ended buses, differential
buses provide
a.
b.
c.
d.
Higher bandwidth
Higher data transfer rates
Higher frequency
All of the above

Thomas L. Floyd

Ch.14 Summary
Quiz
8. The connector shown here is a/an ____________
connector.
a.
b.
c.
d.
IEEE-488
SCSI
USB
RS-232

Thomas L. Floyd

Ch.14 Summary
Quiz
9. Most external devices now use _________ bus
connectors
a.
b.
c.
d.
IEEE-488
SCSI
USB
RS-232

Thomas L. Floyd

Ch.14 Summary
Quiz
10. The types of network topologies are __________.
a.
b.
c.
d.
Serial and parallel

Synchronous and asynchronous
Physical and logical
TCP and IP

Thomas L. Floyd

Ch.14 Summary
Answers

Thomas L. Floyd
1. d
6. d
2. a
7. b
3. b
8. a
4. c
9. c
5. b
10. c


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Digital Fundamentals: A Systems

Buses, Networks, and Interfacing

Digital Fundamentals: A Systems Approach

2013 by Pearson Higher Education, Inc

In order to communicate, each device connected to the bus

2013 by Pearson Higher Education, Inc

The System Bus

Digital Fundamentals: A Systems Approach

2013 by Pearson Higher Education, Inc

An Internal Computer Bus

2013 by Pearson Higher Education, Inc

An Internal Computer Bus (Contd)

Bus Bridge: A device that

Digital Fundamentals: A Systems Approach

2013 by Pearson Higher Education, Inc

Parallel and Series Buses

Digital Fundamentals: A Systems Approach

2013 by Pearson Higher Education, Inc

Digital Fundamentals: A Systems Approach

2013 by Pearson Higher Education, Inc

Digital Fundamentals: A Systems Approach

2013 by Pearson Higher Education, Inc

Typical Bus Characteristics

Digital Fundamentals: A Systems Approach

2013 by Pearson Higher Education, Inc

Digital Fundamentals: A Systems Approach

2013 by Pearson Higher Education, Inc

Synchronous & Asynchronous Buses

Digital Fundamentals: A Systems Approach

2013 by Pearson Higher Education, Inc

Single-ended operation is usually limited in both data

2013 by Pearson Higher Education, Inc

2013 by Pearson Higher Education, Inc

Digital Fundamentals: A Systems Approach

2013 by Pearson Higher Education, Inc

Digital Fundamentals: A Systems Approach

2013 by Pearson Higher Education, Inc

Multiplexed I/O Operation

Digital Fundamentals: A Systems Approach

2013 by Pearson Higher Education, Inc

The Processor Bus

The PCI Bus

Digital Fundamentals: A Systems Approach

2013 by Pearson Higher Education, Inc

A Typical Computer Motherboard

Digital Fundamentals: A Systems Approach

2013 by Pearson Higher Education, Inc

The PCI-Express Bus

Digital Fundamentals: A Systems Approach

2013 by Pearson Higher Education, Inc

The PCI-Express Lanes

2013 by Pearson Higher Education, Inc

The IEEE-488 Bus

Digital Fundamentals: A Systems Approach

2013 by Pearson Higher Education, Inc

The IEEE-488 Bus Pin Connections

Digital Fundamentals: A Systems Approach

2013 by Pearson Higher Education, Inc

The SCSI Bus

2013 by Pearson Higher Education, Inc

SCSI Control Signals

Digital Fundamentals: A Systems Approach

2013 by Pearson Higher Education, Inc

Universal Serial Bus (USB)