Professional Documents
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HVAC
HVAC stands for heating,
Outdoor air
Mixed air
Return air
prefilter
H
V
A
C
Filter
Centrifugal plant
ductwork
Drain pan
coils
DEFINITION
AIR CONDITIONING SYSTEMS ARE USED TO KEEP HOUSEHOLD AIR FROM BECOMING
UNCOMFORTABLY HOT, HUMID, OR STALE.
AIR CONDITIONING SYSTEMS ARE FAIRLY COMPLEX, SO THEY ARE USUALLY
INSTALLED AS A HOUSE IS BEING BUILT.
THIS SYSTEM INVOLVES THREE SEPARATE CYCLES:
-THE AIR CYCLING THROUGH THE DUCTS INSIDE THE HOUSE
-THE FLOW OF AIR THROUGH THE UNIT OUTSIDE THE HOUSE
-THE CIRCULATION OF THE REFRIGERANT BETWEEN THE INSIDE
OUTSIDE UNITS.
AND
THE PRINCIPLE
REFRIGERATION CYCLE
AIR CYCLE
WORKING OF A.C.
IN THE CIRCUIT OF MECHANISMS THROUGH WHICH THE REFRIGERANT FREON 12 FLOWS,
THERE ARE FIVE MAIN ELEMENTS. STARTING FROM THE POINT WHERE WE WISH TO
REMOVE HEAT:
1) EVAPORATOR
2) COMPRESSOR
3) CONDENSER
4) LIQUID RECEIVER
5) EXPANSION VALVE.
IN ADDITION, VARIOUS CONTROL AND SAFETY DEVICES ARE CONNECTED INTO THE
CIRCUIT.
EVAPORATOR
THE EVAPORATOR IS SIMPLY A BANK, OR COIL, OF COPPER TUBING. IT IS FILLED WITH
REFRIGERANT AT LOW PRESSURE AND TEMPERATURE.
HEAT FLOWING FROM THE AIR SPACES OR ARTICLES TO BE COOLED INTO THE COIL
CAUSES THE LIQUID TO BOIL.
BOILING CAN TAKE PLACE ONLY AT THE ENTRANCE OF LATENT HEAT OF VAPORIZATION,
AND THIS LATENT HEAT CAN COME ONLY FROM THE SURROUNDING SUBSTANCES.
HENCE THE TEMPERATURES OF THE SURROUNDING SUBSTANCES ARE LOWERED.
THE LATTER PORTION OF THE EVAPORATOR COIL IS THEREFORE FILLED WITH FREON 12
VAPOR AT LOW-PRESSURE, CARRYING WITH IT THE UNWANTED HEAT.
WORKING OF A.C.
COMPRESSOR
THIS VAPOR DOES NOT REMAIN IN THE
EVAPORATOR. THE COMPRESSOR IS
OPERATING AND THE SUCTION WHICH IT
EXERTS (ON THE EVAPORATOR SIDE OF ITS
CIRCUIT) PULLS THE HEAT-LADEN VAPOR
OUT OF THE EVAPORATOR, THROUGH THE
PIPING, AND INTO THE COMPRESSOR.
THE COMPRESSOR, THEREFORE, IS THE
MECHANISM THAT KEEPS THE FREON 12 IN
CIRCULATION THROUGH THE SYSTEM.
IN THE COMPRESSOR CYLINDERS, THE
FREON 12 IS COMPRESSED FROM A LOWPRESSURE VAPOR TO A HIGH-PRESSURE
VAPOR, AND ITS TEMPERATURE THEREFORE
RISES.
10
WORKING OF A.C.
CONDENSOR
THE FREON VAPOR, NOW AT HIGH PRESSURE,
PASSES INTO THE CONDENSER, WHERE THE
VAPOUR PASSES AROUND THE TUBES
THROUGH WHICH WATER IS CONTINUOUSLY
PUMPED.
HERE THE EXCESS HEAT FLOWS BY
CONDUCTION THROUGH THE WALLS OF THE
TUBING FROM THE HIGHER TEMPERATURE
VAPOUR TO THE RELATIVELY LOWER
TEMPERATURE WATER, AND HERE THE
UNWANTED HEAT LEAVES THE PRIMARY
REFRIGERATING SYSTEM AND IS FINALLY
CARRIED AWAY.
THE EXCESS HEAT THUS FLOWING OUT OF THE
VAPOUR IS BOTH SUPERHEAT AND LATENT
HEAT OF VAPORIZATION, AND THEREFORE THE
VAPOUR CONDENSES BACK TO THE LIQUID
STATE.
THE LIQUID FREON 12 IS NOW AT HIGH
PRESSURE AND HIGH TEMPERATURE.
RECIEVER
THE LIQUID FREON 12
GOES NOW INTO THE
RECEIVER, OR TANK.
THE LIQUID IN THIS
RECEIVER ACTS AS A
SEAL
BETWEEN
THE
VAPOR
IN
THE
CONDENSER AND THE
LIQUID AS IT FLOWS
INTO
THE
NEXT
ELEMENT,
THE
EXPANSION VALVE, SO
THAT THE LIQUID FREON
12 IN THE EXPANSION
VALVE MAY BE FREE OF
VAPOR.
11
WORKING OF A.C.
EXPANSION VALVE
WINDOW AC UNIT
A WINDOW AIR CONDITIONER UNIT IMPLEMENTS A COMPLETE AIR CONDITIONER
IN A SMALL SPACE.
THE UNITS ARE MADE SMALL ENOUGH TO FIT INTO A STANDARD WINDOW
FRAME.
IT COMPRISES OF :
A COMPRESSOR
AN EXPANSION VALVE
A HOT COIL (ON THE OUTSIDE)
A CHILLED COIL (ON THE INSIDE)
TWO FANS
A CONTROL UNIT
THE FANS BLOW AIR OVER THE COILS TO IMPROVE THEIR
ABILITY TO DISSIPATE HEAT (TO THE OUTSIDE AIR) AND
COLD (TO THE ROOM BEING COOLED).
13
SPLIT AC
SPLIT SYSTEM - A CENTRAL AIR
CONDITIONER CONSISTING OF TWO OR
MORE MAJOR COMPONENTS. THE SYSTEM
USUALLY CONSISTS OF A COMPRESSOR CONTAINING UNIT AND CONDENSER,
INSTALLED OUTSIDE THE BUILDING AND A
NON COMPRESSOR - CONTAINING AIR
HANDLING UNIT INSTALLED WITHIN THE
BUILDING. THIS IS THE MOST COMMON
TYPE OF SYSTEM INSTALLED IN A HOME.
THE COLD SIDE, CONSISTING OF THE
EXPANSION VALVE AND THE COLD COIL, IS
GENERALLY PLACED INTO A FURNACE OR
SOME OTHER AIR HANDLER.
THE AIR HANDLER BLOWS AIR THROUGH
THE COIL AND ROUTES THE AIR
THROUGHOUT THE BUILDING USING A
SERIES OF DUCTS.
THE HOT SIDE, KNOWN AS THE
CONDENSING UNIT, LIVES OUTSIDE THE
BUILDING. IN MOST HOME INSTALLATIONS.
14
CENTRALISED A.C
CENTRALIZED AIR-CONDITIONING
SYSTEMS, PROVIDING FULLY
CONTROLLED HEATING, COOLING,
AND VENTILATION
THESE ARE EMPLOYED WIDELY IN
THEATERS, STORES,
RESTAURANTS, AND OTHER
PUBLIC BUILDINGS. SUCH
SYSTEMS, BEING COMPLEX,
GENERALLY MUST BE INSTALLED
WHEN THE BUILDING IS
CONSTRUCTED.
SUCH INSTALLATIONS ARE USED
FOR COOLING AND
DEHUMIDIFYING DURING THE
SUMMER MONTHS, AND THE
REGULAR HEATING SYSTEM IS
USED DURING THE WINTER.
15
COOLING TOWER
A COOLING TOWER BLOWS AIR THROUGH A
STREAM OF WATER SO THAT SOME OF THE
WATER EVAPORATES.
GENERALLY, THE WATER TRICKLES THROUGH
A THICK SHEET OF OPEN PLASTIC MESH.
16
HEAT LOAD
DIFFERENT HEAT SOURCES
IT IS IMPORTANT FOR THE AIR CONDITIONER DESIGNERS TO KNOW ABOUT THE HEAT
SOURCES AND THEIR NATURE BEFORE TAKING THE JOB OF DESIGN OF AIR
CONDITIONING SYSTEMS THE DETAILS OF HEAT SOURCES WILL BE USED FOR
COMFORT AIR CONDITIONING, INDUSTRIAL AIR CONDITIONING, PRODUCT STORAGE
SYSTEMS AS WELL AS PRODUCT FREEZING SYSTEMS.
THE AIR CONDITIONING SYSTEMS USED HAVE TO CARRY OUT TWO TYPES OF LOADS
KNOWN AS:
SENSIBLE HEAT LOAD
LATENT HEAT LOAD
THE SOURCES WHICH CONTRIBUTE TO THE SENSIBLE HEAT ARE:
- HEAT FLOW THROUGH THE EXTERIOR WALLS, CEILINGS, FLOORS, WINDOWS
AND DOORS DUE TO THE TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN THEIR TWO SIDES.
- LOAD DUE TO SOLAR RADIATION (SOLAR LOAD) IS DIVIDED INTO TWO FORMS:
- HEAT TRANSMITTED DIRECTLY BY RADIATIONS THROUGH GLASS
OF WINDOWS AND VENTILATORS.
- HEAT FROM SUN WILL BE ABSORBED BY THE WALLS AND ROOFS
AND LATER ON TRANSFERRED TO THE ROOM BY CONDUCTION.
17
HEAT LOAD
HEAT RECEIVED FROM THE OCCUPANTS.
HEAT RECEIVED FROM DIFFERENT EQUIPMENTS WHICH ARE COMMONLY USED IN THE
AIR CONDITIONED BUILDING.
HEAT RECEIVED FROM THE AIR INFILTRATED INSIDE FROM OUTSIDE THROUGH
CRACKS IN DOORS, WINDOWS AND VENTILATORS AND THROUGH THEIR FREQUENT
OPENINGS.
MISCELLANEOUS HEAT SOURCES WHICH INCLUDE:
HEAT GAIN BY THE DUCTS CARRYING THE CONDITIONED AIR
PASSING
THROUGH UNCONDITIONED SPACE.
HEAT TRANSFERRED THROUGH INTERIOR PARTITIONS OF ROOMS
IN THE
SAME BUILDING WHICH ARE NOT AIR CONDITIONED.
THE SOURCES WHICH CONTRIBUTE TO THE LATENT HEAT LOAD ARE:
- THE LATENT HEAT LOAD FROM THE AIR ENTERING INTO AIRCONDITIONED
SPACE BY INFILTRATION.
- THE LATENT HEAT LOAD FROM THE OCCUPANTS.
- THE LATENT HEAT LOAD FROM COOKING FOODS AND FROM
STORED
MATERIALS.
- MOISTURE PASSING DIRECTLY INTO THE AIR CONDITIONED SPACE
THROUGH PERMEABLE WALLS WHERE THE WATER VAPOUR
PRESSURE IS
HIGHER.
18
HEAT LOAD
THE ABOVE LISTED SOURCES ADD THE WATER VAPOUR INTO THE AIR-CONDITIONED
SPACE WHICH SHOULD BE REMOVED ABSORBING ITS LATENT HEAT BY THE
COOLING APPARATUS. THE AMOUNT OF HEAT REMOVED IN THE FORM OF LATENT
HEAT IS KNOWN AS LATENT HEAT LOAD.
THE REMOVAL OF 1KG OF WATER VAPOUR IS CONSIDERED EQUIVALENT TO 597
KCAL. OF HEAT LOAD ON COOLING COIL APPROXIMATELY. THIS FIGURE INCLUDES
SOME SENSIBLE HEAT IN ADDITION TO THE LATENT HEAT BECAUSE THE VAPOUR
ALWAYS REMAIN IN SUPERHEATED CONDITION IN AIR UNLESS THE AIR IS HOT IN
SATURATED CONDITION.
SUN LOAD
(A) LOAD DUE TO DIRECT RADIATION THROUGH GLASS:
THE GLASS HAS HIGH TRANSITIVITY SO THAT THE CONSIDERABLE AMOUNT OF HEAT
IS POURED DIRECTLY INTO THE AIR CONDITIONED SPACE BY THE SUN THROUGH
THE GLASS.
THE AMOUNT OF SOLAR HEAT DELIVERED THROUGH AN AIR CONDITIONED SPACE
THROUGH THE GRASS VARIES FROM HOUR TO HOUR, FROM DAY TO DAY AND FROM
LATITUDE TO LATITUDE.
19
PROVISION IN BUILDING
FOR AIR CONDITIONING
PLANTS:-
PLANT ROOM:-
large plants i.e. more then 500 tones there should be separate
plant room.
soffit of slab.
facilities.
approx.1300kg/cu.mt
21
S.NO.
CAPACITY
SIZE OF
PLANT
ROOM
(SQ.MT.)
TYPE
1*10 TONNES
10
Packed
2*20
20
Reciprocating
2*50
45
2*100
70
2*120
80
3*120
110
2*200
100
Centrifugal
1*500
130
2*500
250
22
23
1 - Supply duct
2 - Fan compartment
4 - Heating and/or
cooling coil
5 - Filter compartment
6 - Mixed (recirculated
+ outside) air duct
25
VIEW OF AHU
26
CONDITIONED AREA
Upto 1860sq.mt.
1860-3720sq.mt.
3720-5580sq.mt.
27
TYPE OF COOLING
TOWER
1.
Natural
2.
Forced
3.
Induced
28
DUCTING: Supply and return air ducts are taken from (air
used.
Big glazed opening should be avoided.
29
RETURN AIR:-
FRESH AIR INTAKE: A certain volume of fresh, outside air is sucked into
31
h) Air Distribution:
(1) The main supply air ductwork shall be sized to deliver the supply
air fan capacity
(2) The individual room air distribution system including supply,
return, exhaust air ductwork, air terminal units, reheat coils and air
outlets/inlets shall be sized and selected onthe basis of the adjusted
supply air volume.
EQUIPMENT SCHEDULES
(a) Air Conditioning Design Data (Outdoor and Indoor Design Conditions
for the various occupancies)
(b) Air Flow Control Valves
(c) Air Flow Measuring Devices
(d) Air Handling Equipment
(e) Air Separators
(f) Chillers, Condensing Units, Air Cooled Condensers
(g) Heat Exchangers
(h) Cooling Towers
(i) Engineering Control Center
(j) Expansion Tanks
(k) Fans
(l) Fan-coil Units, Air Terminal Units (Boxes)
(m) Filters for closed loop Water Systems (chilled water and hot water)
(n) Finned Tube Radiation
(o) Heat Recovery Equipment
(p) Humidifiers
(q) Pre-filters and after-filters (may be combined with pre-filters)
(r) Preheat Coils, Cooling Coils, Reheat Coils
(s) Pressure Reducing Valves, Safety Valves
(t) Pumps
(u) Radiant Panels
(v) Room By Room Air Balance
(w) Sound Attenuators