Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Day 2
Copyright 2004 WI Ltd
Sound Waveforms
Sound travels in different waveforms in
different conditions
Compression wave
Shear wave
Surface wave
Lamb wave
Compression / Longitudinal
Vibration and propagation in the same
direction / parallel
Travel in solids, liquids and gases
Particle vibration
Propagation
Shear / Transverse
Vibration at right angles / perpendicular to
direction of propagation
Travel in solids only
Velocity 1/2 compression (same material)
Particle vibration
Propagation
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Surface Wave
Elliptical vibration
Velocity 8% less than shear
Penetrate one wavelength deep
SYMETRIC
ASSYMETRIC
Compression v Shear
Frequency
0.5MHz
1 MHz
2MHz
4MHz
6MHZ
Compression
11.8
5.9
2.95
1.48
0.98
Shear
6.5
3.2
1.6
0.8
0.54
Shear waves
Steel
5960m/sec
Steel
3245m/sec
Water
1470m/sec
Water
NA
Air
344m/sec
Air
NA
Copper
4700m/sec
Copper
2330m/sec
Sound at an Interface
Sound will be either transmitted across
or reflected back
Reflected
Interface
Transmitted
Acoustic Impedance
Definition
The Resistance to the
passage of sound
within a material
Measured in
kg / m2 x sec
Formula
Z V
= Density , V = Velocity
Steel
46.7 x 106
Water
1.48 x 106
Air 0.0041 x 106
Perspex 3.2 x 106
% Sound Reflected at an
Interface
2
Z1 Z 2
100 % reflected
Z1 Z 2
% Sound Reflected + % Sound Transmitted = 100%
Therefore
% Sound Transmitted = 100% - % Sound Reflected
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46.7 1.48
100
%
reflected
46.7 1.48
2
45.22
48.18 100 % reflected
0. 93856 100 88.09% reflected
2
Air
Steel
Steel
Air
Large Acoustic Impedance
Ratio
Aluminum
Steel
Steel
Steel
No Acoustic Impedance
Difference
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Beam Spread
Attenuation
Made up of absorption
and scatter
Scatter
The bigger the grain
size the worse the
problem
The higher the
frequency of the
probe the worse the
problem
1 MHz
5 MHz
Beam Spread
The sound beam
spread out and the
intensity decreases
80%
FSH
40%
FSH
80%
FSH
36%
FSH
No attenuation,only beam
spread. 6dB reduction
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Sound Intensity
Comparing the intensity of 2 signals
I 0 P0
I1 P1
Electrical power proportional to the
square of the voltage produced
2
P0 (V0 )
2
P1 (V1 )
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Hence
I 0 (V0 )
2
I1 (V1 )
Sound Intensity
2
I 0 (V0 )
2
I1 (V1 )
Therefore
I0
(V0 )
Log..10 Log..10 2
I1
(V1 )
Log..10
I0
V0
2 Log..10 BELS
I1
V1
Log..10
I0
V0
20 Log..10 dB
I1
V1
dB 20 Log..10
H0
H1
40
dB 20 Log..10 20 Log ..10 2
20
dB 20 0.3010
dB 6dB
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dB 20 Log..10
H0
H1
100
dB 20 Log..10
20 Log ..1010
10
dB 20 1
dB 20dB
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2:1
4:1
5:1
10 : 1
100 : 1
=
=
=
=
=
6dB
12dB
14dB
20dB
40dB
50%
25%
20%
10%
1%
Sound Generation
magnetostrictive
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Piezo-Electric Effect
When exposed to an alternating current a
crystal expands and contracts
Piezo-Electric Materials
QUARTZ
Resistant to wear
Insoluble in water
Resists ageing
Inefficient converter of
energy
Needs a relatively high
voltage
Very rarely used nowadays
LITHIUM SULPHATE
Efficient receiver
Low electrical
impedance
Operates on low voltage
Water soluble
Low mechanical
strength
Useable only up to 30C
Used mainly in medical
Polarized Crystals
Powders heated to
high temperatures
Pressed into shape
Cooled in very
strong electrical
fields
Examples
Barium titanate (Ba Ti O3)
Lead metaniobate
(Pb Nb O6)
Lead zirconate titanate
(Pb Ti O3 or Pb Zr O3)
Probes
Probes
The most important part of the
probe is the crystal
The crystal are cut to a
particular way and thickness to
give the intended properties
Most of the conventional crystal
are X cut to produce
Y
Compression wave
Probes
The frequency of the probe depends on
the THICKNESS of the crystal
Formula for frequency:
Ff = V / 2t
Where
Probes
The Thinner the crystal the Higher the frequency
Which of the followings has the Thinnest crystal ?
1 MHz Compression probe
5 MHz Compression probe
10 MHz Shear probe
25 MHz Shear probe
25 MHz Shear
Probe
Probe Design
Compression Probe
Normal probe
0
Electrical
connectors
Housing
Damping
Transducer or
crystal
Probe Design
Shear Probe
Angle probe
Backing
medium
Damping
Transducer or
crystal
Probe
Shoe
Perspex wedge
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Probe Design
Twin Crystal
Transmitter Receiver
Separator /
Insulator
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Focusing
lens
Advantages
Can be focused
Measure thin plate
Near surface
resolution
Disadvantages
Difficult to use on
curved surfaces
Sizing small defects
Signal amplitude /
focal spot length
Automated Inspections
Pulse Echo
Through Transmission
Transmission with Reflection
Contact scanning
Gap scanning
Immersion testing
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Gap Scanning
Probe held a fixed
distance above the
surface (1 or 2mm)
Couplant is fed into
the gap
Immersion Testing
Component is placed in a water filled tank
Item is scanned with a probe at a fixed
distance above the surface
Immersion Testing
Water
path
distance
Front surface
Defect
Back surface