Professional Documents
Culture Documents
INDEKS KUALITAS
LINGKUNGAN
Disajikan:
Prof Dr Ir Soemarno MS
PMPSLP PPSUB Agustus 2010
PERANAN INDEKS
Dalam Proses Pemantauan Lingkungan diperlukan dan
digunakan DATA dan INFORMASI
Data dan Informasi ini harus dapat diterjemahkan
menjadi bentuk yang mudah dipahami maknanya
Dalam proses penyederhanaan DATA dan INFORMASI
inilah diperlukan konsep tentang INDEKS
LINGKUNGAN
.
BAHASA INDEKS
Dalam Konteks Matematika: VARIABEL, nilainya beragam
Dalam Profesi Lingkungan:
PARAMETER = Environmental variable,
menyatakan kualitas lingkungan yang diukur
INDEKS LINGKUNGAN:
Kadangkala melibatkan variabel polutan yang mencerminkan
jumlah polutan yang dilepaskan ke dalam lingkungan, dan
tidak melibatkan kuantitas polutan yang sebenarnya ada di
dalam lingkungan
VARIABEL POLUTAN
Variabel sumber polutan: Tidak dapat mencerminkan kondisi
lingkungan yang sebenarnya
INDIKATOR LINGKUNGAN
Indikator Lingkungan merupakan Kuantitas tunggal yang
diturunkan dari satu variabel polutan dan dipakai untuk
mencerminkan (mempresentasikan) beberapa atribut
lingkungan.
Misalnya:
Indikator taraf pencemaran SO2 = banyaknya hari dimana
konsentrasi SO2 atmosfer melampaui baku mutu
Indikator
Trend.
x
x
Improving
Improving
x
x
Improving
Improving
Tidak ada
perubahan
Improving
LIMBAH
PADAT
Improving
NIOSE
Serius
Worsening
2.
KARBON MONOKSIDA: CO
Tidak berwarna, tidak berbau
Hasil pembakaran yang terjadi secara tidak lengkap
Misalnya pembakaran bahan bakar dalam mesin
http://mtweb.mtsu.edu/nchong/Smog-Atm1.htm
http://mtweb.mtsu.edu/nchong/Smog-Atm1.htm
HIDROKARBON
CH: Alkana, Alkena, Alkina
Sumber: Mesin kendaraan bermotor
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), also known as polyaromatic hydrocarbons or polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons, are
potent atmospheric pollutants that consist of fused aromatic rings
and do not contain heteroatoms or carry substituents.
Naphthalene is the simplest example of a PAH. PAHs occur in oil,
coal, and tar deposits, and are produced as byproducts of fuel
burning (whether fossil fuel or biomass). As a pollutant, they are of
concern because some compounds have been identified as
carcinogenic, mutagenic, and teratogenic.
PAHs are also found in cooked foods. Studies have shown that high
levels of PAHs are found, for example, in meat cooked at high
temperatures such as grilling or barbecuing, and in smoked fish.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polycyclic_aromatic_hydrocarbon
CHEMISTRY OF PAH
The simplest PAHs, as defined by the International Union of Pure and
Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) (G.P Moss, IUPAC nomenclature for
fused-ring systems), are phenanthrene and anthracene, which both
contain three fused aromatic rings. Smaller molecules, such as benzene,
are not PAHs.
PAHs may contain four-, five-, six- or seven-member rings, but those
with five or six are most common. PAHs composed only of sixmembered rings are called alternant PAHs. Certain alternant PAHs are
called benzenoid PAHs.
The name comes from benzene, an aromatic hydrocarbon with a single,
six-membered ring. These can be benzene rings interconnected with
each other by single carbon-carbon bonds and with no rings remaining
that do not contain a complete benzene ring.
The set of alternant PAHs is closely related to a set of mathematical
entities called polyhexes, which are planar figures composed by
conjoining regular hexagons of identical size.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polycyclic_aromatic_hydrocarbon
CHEMISTRY OF PAH
PAHs containing up to six fused aromatic rings are often known as
"small" PAHs, and those containing more than six aromatic rings are
called "large" PAHs. Due to the availability of samples of the various
small PAHs, the bulk of research on PAHs has been of those of up to six
rings.
The biological activity and occurrence of the large PAHs does appear to
be a continuation of the small PAHs. They are found as combustion
products, but at lower levels than the small PAHs due to the kinetic
limitation of their production through addition of successive rings.
In addition, with many more isomers possible for larger PAHs, the
occurrence of specific structures is much smaller.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polycyclic_aromatic_hydrocarbon
Oksidator fotokimia:
Gangguan mata
Fungsi paru-paru .. Asma
Sumber:
http://www.shodor.org/master/environmental/air/photochem/smogapplication.html
http://mtweb.mtsu.edu/nchong/Smog-Atm1.htm
In this graphic, we see the involvement of the NOx system and the production of
ozone. Here is a narrative version of the graphic above:
1.Reaction 1: NO2, reacts with light energy, hv , to form NO and a singlet oxygen atom. The
rate of this reaction depends on how much light energy there is -- a sunny day versus a
cloudy day!
2.Reaction 2: singlet oxygen reacts with the oxygen molecule (what you breathe) in the
presence of a catalyst "M" to form ozone, O3. The catalyst M remains unchanged (which is
the definition of a catalyst!). The rate of this reaction depends on the temperature in the
atmosphere.
3.Reaction 3: Ozone reacts with NO to produce more NO2 and O2. These products feed back
into Reactions 1 and 2, thus ensuring a steady production of ozone! The rate of this reaction
also depends on the temperature in the atmosphere.
4.Reaction 4: Ozone is degraded (broken down) by light energy, forming a charged form of
singlet oxygen, O(1D), and more molecular oxygen. Notice that this reaction proceeds at a
much slower rate than the first reaction (about one-fourth of one percent as slow!)
5.Reaction 5: the charged oxygen reacts with a catalyst to return to its normal state of singlet
oxygen (which is, by the way, poisonous to breathe!)
6.Reaction 6: some of the charged oxygen reacts with water in the atmosphere to form a
hydroxyl radical, OH . Radicals are fragments of molecules that have at least one unpaired
electron, and are highly reactive. The hydroxyl radical, for example, is responsible for the
majority of the chemical reactions that happen in the atmosphere during the day. Other
radicals take control at night-time when there is no energy from the sun.
7.Reaction 7: carbon monoxide in the atmosphere, produced by fossil-fuel burning such as
automobiles, reacts strongly with hydroxyl radicals to form carbon dioxide and HO 2 radicals.
8.Reaction 8: the HO2 radicals formed in Reaction 7 react with the extra NO in the
atmosphere to form more NO2 and more OH radicals. The rate of this reaction is dependent
on the temperature in the atmosphere.
9.Reaction 9: the hydroxyl radicals react with NO2 to form nitric acid, HNO3, which will
eventually be one of the culprits in the formation of acid rain.
PARTIKULAT
TSP: Total Suspended Particulate
Adalah total masa partikulat cair dan padatan yang ada di
udara , seperti Jelaga, Asap, Debu, Mist dan Spray.
Berasal dari proses pembakaran
Konsentrasinya: 0.1 10
FOG
Fog is a collection of liquid water droplets or ice crystals
suspended in the air at or near the Earth's surface. While fog
is a type of stratus cloud, the term "fog" is typically
distinguished from the more generic term "cloud" in that
fog is low-lying, and the moisture in the fog is often
generated locally (such as from a nearby body of water, like
a lake or the ocean, or from nearby moist ground or
marshes).
Fog is distinguished from mist only by its density, as
expressed in the resulting decrease in visibility: Fog
reduces visibility to less than 1 km (5/8 statute mile),
whereas mist reduces visibility to no less than 1 km .
For aviation purposes in the UK, a visibility of less than
2 km but greater than 999 m is considered to be mist if the
relative humidity is 95% or greater - below 95% haze is
reported.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fog
SOOT
Soot ( /st/) is a general term that refers to impure carbon
particles resulting from the incomplete combustion of a
hydrocarbon. It is more properly restricted to the product of
the gas-phase combustion process but is commonly
extended to include the residual pyrolyzed fuel particles
such as coal, cenospheres, charred wood, petroleum coke,
and so on, that may become airborne during pyrolysis and
that are more properly identified as cokes or chars.
The gas-phase soots contain polycyclic aromatic
hydrocarbons (PAHs).
The PAHs in soot are known mutagens and are classified as
a "known human carcinogen" by the International Agency
for Research on Cancer (IARC).
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soot
SOOT
Soot, as an airborne contaminant in the environment has
many different sources but they are all the result of some
form of pyrolysis. They include soot from coal burning,
internal combustion engines, power plant boilers, hog-fuel
boilers, ship boilers, central steam heat boilers, waste
incineration, local field burning, house fires, forest fires,
fireplaces, furnaces, etc.
These exterior sources also contribute to the indoor
environment sources such as smoking of plant matter,
cooking, oil lamps, candles, quartz/halogen bulbs with settled
dust, fireplaces, defective furnaces, etc. Soot in very low
concentrations is capable of darkening surfaces or making
particle agglomerates, such as those from ventilation systems,
appear black.
Soot is the primary cause of "ghosting", the discoloration of
walls and ceilings or walls and flooring where they meet. It is
generally responsible for the discoloration of the walls above
baseboard electric heating units and can be known as a gas.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soot
SOOT
The formation of soot depends strongly on the fuel
composition.
The rank ordering of sooting tendency of fuel components
is: naphthalenes benzenes aliphatics. However, the
order of sooting tendencies of the aliphatics (alkanes,
alkenes, alkynes) varies dramatically depending on the
flame type.
The difference between the sooting tendencies of aliphatics
and aromatics is thought to result mainly from the different
routes of formation.
Aliphatics appear to first form acetylene and
polyacetylenes; aromatics can form soot both by this route
and also by a more direct pathway involving ring
condensation or polymerization reactions building on the
existing aromatic structure
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soot
FUNGSI KERUSAKAN
Fungsi matematik:
Fungsi yang menyatakan hubungan antara variabel polutan
dengan efeknya terhadap manusia dan lingkungan hidupnya
FUNGSI KERUSAKAN
Ekspresi kuantitatif tentang hubungan antara keberadaan suatu
polutan dengan tingkat dampak yang ditimbulkannya pada
populasi target (sasaran)
Dampak
.
Dampak
.
Jenuh
Linear
Ambang
Ambang
Polutan
Polutan
n=1I
AGREGASI SUB-INDEKS:
3.
1.
Summation
2.
Multiplication
Maximization, sub-indeks maksimum yang dipakai
Pengukuran Lingkungan
Peubah Polutan: X1
Subindeks 1
I1 = f(X1)
Peubah Polutan: X2
Peubah Polutan: Xn
Subindeks 2
I2 = f(X2)
Subindeks n
In = f(Xn)
AGREGASI:
I = g(I1,I2,In)
INDEKS I
MACAM INDEKS
INDEKS ABSOLUT:
Fungsi hubungan antara variabel polutan dengan indeks
lingkungan ditetapkan (telah diketahui)
INDEKS RELATIF:
Indeks tidak hanya tergantung pada sesuatu observasi
(variabel) tertentu, tetapi juga tergantung pada banyak
observasi (variabel) lainnya
SUB-INDEKS
FUNGSI LINEAR:
I=
X I : subindeks
X : Variabel polutan
: Konstante
SEGMENTED LINEAR FUNCTION:
Threshold level
Break point, titik kritis, titik belok
AGREGASI SUB-INDEKS
1.
ADDITIVE FORM:
Linear-sum Unweighted
Linear-sum Weighted
2. ROOT-SUM-POWER
I = (I1)2 + (I2)2 + ..+ (In)2
3. ROOT-MEAN-SQUARE
4. MAXIMUM OPERATOR:
I = Max (I1, I2, I3, In)
5. Multiplicative form
Unweighted
: I=
Weighted
Ii
I = Ii wi