AD EHSMS RF CoP 26.

0
Scaffolding and OSHA

Subhi El Haj Saleh. PMC HSE Eng.

Introduction

LOAD
All scaffolds are to be capable of supporting, without failure, at least 4 times the maximum
intended load (OSHA).
The design of the scaffold shall take into account:
(i) the most adverse combination of dead, live and environmental loads that can reasonably
be expected during the period that the scaffold is in use;
(ii) the dead, live and environmental loads which will need to be calculated during the design
stage to ensure the supporting structure and the lower standards are capable of supporting
the loads;
(iii) the approvals that may be required by a competent engineer through the erection period;
and (iv) manufacturer specifications relating specifically to scaffold components and
accessories.

Safety Precautions
Never allow debris/materials to collect on
scaffold
Always use netting to catch anything that falls
Make sure scaffold is secure

Safety Precautions
Do not stand
on ties,
guardrails,
or extensions

Safety Precautions
Do not overreach
outside the guardrails

Safety Precautions
Stay off scaffold during loading or unloading
Replace guardrails after loading or unloading
Use 3-point climbing
Dont hang tarps without evaluation
Exit mobile scaffolds before moved

Safety Precautions
Always wear
fall protection
to avoid
accidents

Footing or Anchorage
The footing or anchorage
is to be on a solid foundation;
sound, rigid, and capable of
carrying the maximum
intended load without
settling or displacement.
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Footing or Anchorage
The use of unstable
objects to support
planks or scaffolds
is prohibited.

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Guardrails
The use of guardrails is very
important, preventing workers
from falling. Nearly 3/4 of
the reported scaffold accidents
are caused by improper
guarding.
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Guardrails
Open-ended or opensided platforms must
have standard
guardrails and
toeboards.

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Guardrails
950mm high with a midrail whenever needed.
Toe boards shall rise at least 150 mm above
the working platform

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Protective Screening
Overhead protection shall be provided for
men on scaffolds and, in the same sense,
a screen is to be placed
below the scaffold
where persons may in
danger of falling objects.
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Safe Platforms
Scaffold construction is to
be with the proper grade
lumber with a minimum of
1,500 fibers (Stress Grade).
This lumber is marked with
a grading stamp and is free
of defects (OSHA).
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Safe Platforms

The planking is to be of Scaffold Grade wood or metal, free of defects that may contribute to an accident (OSHA).
Employers shall ensure the following with regards to working platforms:
(i)each scaffold shall be designed to carry the required number of working platforms and to support its live loads;
(ii) scaffold boards / platform shall:
1) have a slip-resistant surface;
2) not be cracked or split;
3) be of uniform thickness;
4) be captive (eg. cannot be kicked off) and fixed to prevent uplift or displacement
during normal use; and
5) be positioned so that no single gap between scaffold boards exceeds 25 mm and the total gap between all
scaffold boards does not exceed 50 mm.
(iii) scaffold boards shall not be lapped on straight runs of modular and tube and fitting scaffolding but may be lapped on
hanging bracket scaffolds;
(iv) if using plywood sheets to cover gaps between scaffold bays the plywood sheets shall be:
1) a minimum of 17 mm thick;
2) only used to cover gaps less than 500 mm wide (unless approved by an engineer);
3) metal planks lapped
on other metal planks shall be secured.
(v) the overhang of scaffold boards which are supported by transoms shall not be greater than 150 mm or 4 times the scaffold
board thickness - whichever is less

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Safe Platforms
The poles, legs, or uprights of scaffolds shall
be plumb (vertical members standing
perpendicular to horizon) and securely and
rigidly braced to prevent swaying and
displacement.

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Safe Platforms
Only synthetic or fiber rope
that has been treated properly
may be used as staging
support where open flame
work or corrosive
substances or chemicals
will be used.
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Safe Platforms
Any means of support for scaffold suspension
shall be capable of supporting at least 6 times
the rated load.

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Safe Access
In order for workers to avoid
injuries when getting on or off
the platform, internal stairs or
attached vertical ladders will
be used.Never use the frame
or braces for climbing!
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Design load
The design load of all scaffolds
shall be calculated on the basis
of:
Light--Supporting 25 lbs/foot2
(122.1kg/m2)
Medium--Supporting 50 lbs./foot2
(244.1kg/m2)
Heavy-- Supporting 75 lbs./foot2
(366.2kg/m2)
(OSHA)

Design of the Working Platforms

(a) Working platforms, except
suspended scaffolds shall be
designed to have duty
classifications as follows:
(i) access only;
(ii) light working;
or (iii) heavy working
(b) Each scaffold shall be designed
to carry the required number of
working platforms and to
support its live loads.
(CoP 26.0)
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Types of Scaffolds
This standard covers many different scaffold
types. We will touch briefly on the three
basic types that are most commonly used in
the construction industry.
1. Suspension Scaffolds
2. Supported Scaffolds
3. Aerial Lifts (MEWP)
(OSHA)
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Types of Scaffolds
Suspension Scaffolds (hung from an
overhead structure)
Single-point adjustable suspensionThese may be power units (either
electrically or air motor driven) or
manually operated winches. All power
operated gears and brakes shall be
enclosed.

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Types of Scaffolds
Suspension Scaffolds (hung from an
overhead structure)
Two-point suspension- Theses scaffolds

are to be securely lashed to the building or

structure to prevent them from swaying.

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Types of Scaffolds
Suspension Scaffolds (hung from an
overhead structure)
Multi-point suspension- Capable of

sustaining a working load of 25

pounds/foot2 (122.1 kg/m2). The platform
shall be securely fastened to the hangers
by U- bolts or other equivalent means.
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Types of Scaffolds
Suspension Scaffolds (hung from an
overhead structure)
Needle beam- Ropes or hangers
used as supports, shall be
attached to the needle beams by
a scaffold hitch or a properly
made eye splice. The loose end
of the rope shall be tied by a
bowline knot or by a round turn
and a half hitch.

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Types of Scaffolds
Suspension Scaffolds (hung from an
overhead structure)
Interior hung-

Hung or

suspended from
the roof structure or ceiling
beams by rope
capable of supporting at least
6 times the
rated load.
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Types of Scaffolds
Suspension Scaffolds
The workers on these
scaffolds are to wear fall
protection at all times.

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Types of Scaffolds
Suspension Scaffolds
These suspension scaffolds must:
Be solidly attached to a structure
Be regularly serviced and inspected
Have proper guardrails, netting, and toeboards
Be at least 20 (50cm) wide but no wider than 36
(91 cm)
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Types of Scaffolds
Suspension Scaffolds
Upon meeting these requirements, the platform
can be one of four types:
Plank type
Beam-type
Light metal-type
Ladder-type
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Types of Scaffolds
Suspension Scaffolds
The scaffold unit shall be suspended from
metal outriggers, iron brackets, wire rope
slings, or iron hooks, inspected daily by a
competent person. Supporting parts are to be
inspected before every installation and
periodically inspected during use.
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Types of Scaffolds
Suspension Scaffolds
Suspension scaffolds are hung by:
Outrigger beam with counterweights
Rolling outrigger beam with counterweights
Parapet clamps
Roof hook or cornice hook

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Types of Scaffolds
Suspension Scaffolds

Operating Engineers National

Hazmat Program

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Types of Scaffolds
Supported Scaffolds

These scaffolds are raised on posts, uprights,

frames, or outrigger beams. They may also be
mounted on trucks or casters.
Tube and coupler
Frame

Pole
Mobile

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Types of Scaffolds
Supported Scaffolds
Tube and coupler scaffolds- Have limited
heights to be followed using tables L-10-L-12.
Light, medium, and heavy duty tube and
coupler scaffolds are to follow specified
requirements for the appropriate categories, all
of which are to hold 4 times the maximum
intended loads.
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Types of Scaffolds
Supported Scaffolds
Pole scaffold are a type of supported scaffold in which every
structural component, from uprights to braces to platforms, is
made of wood. OSHA has standards for two kinds: single-pole,
which are supported on their interior side by a structure or wall,
and double-pole, which are supported by double uprights
independent of any structure.
Because they have to be built from scratch and cannot easily be
reused, pole scaffolds are considered old-fashioned and are
rarely used today.
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Types of Scaffolds
Supported Scaffolds
Frame - Proper cross bracing or diagonal
bracing is to be used for securing vertical
members together laterally with coupling or
stacking pins to provide proper vertical
alignment of the legs.

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Types of Scaffolds
Supported Scaffolds
Mobile - When freestanding mobile scaffold
towers are use, the height
shall not exceed four
times the minimum base
dimension.
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Types of Scaffolds
Supported Scaffolds
Mobile - When using
casters, they are to have
a positive locking
device to hold the
scaffold in position.
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Types of Scaffolds
Supported Scaffolds
Mobile - A ladder or
stairway, affixed to or
built into the scaffold,
shall provide proper
access and exit
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Types of Scaffolds
Manually propelled mobile
ladder stands and scaffolds
This section applies
to ladder stands
(not aerial) and
rolling scaffolds (towers).

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Types of Scaffolds
Manually propelled mobile
ladder stands and scaffolds
Due to the wide variety of materials and
design possibilities, specified design and
construction requirements are not a part of
this section.

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Types of Scaffolds
Manually propelled mobile
ladder stands and scaffolds
The minimum platform width for any work
level shall not be less than 20 inches (50 cm)
for mobile scaffolds. Ladder stands shall
have a minimum step width of 16 inches (40.6
cm), with all exposed surfaces free from sharp
edges, burrs or other safety hazards.
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Types of Scaffolds
Manually propelled mobile
ladder stands and scaffolds
Wheels or casters shall
be properly designed for
strength and dimensions
to support four times the
design working load.
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Aerial lifts
These are vehicle-mounted
elevating and rotating work
platforms such as ladder
trucks and tower trucks.
Aerial lifts are to be
operated only by
authorized persons.

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Aerial lifts
Aerial ladders shall be secured in the lower
traveling position by the locking device on
top
of the truck cab, and the manually operated
device at the base of the ladder before the
truck is moved for highway travel.
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Aerial lifts
Never move an aerial lift
truck when the boom is
elevated in a working
position with men in the
basket, except where
specifically designed for
this type of operation.
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Aerial lifts
Lifts that are used primarily as personnel
carriers must have both platform (upper) and
lower controls. The lower controls are to
override the upper controls, never to be used
without permission from the employee in the
lift, except in emergencies.
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Aerial lifts
While working on aerial lifts, employees shall:
Always stand firmly
on the floor of the
basket and not sit or
climb on the edge

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Aerial lifts
While working on aerial lifts, employees shall:
Wear a body belt
and have a lanyard
attached to the
boom or basket
for fall protection
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Aerial lifts
While working on aerial lifts, employees shall:
Keep within specified load limits
Use brakes and wheel chocks when needed

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Aerial lifts
Examples:
Telescoping
Rotating boom
Scisor type

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THANK YOU FOR

YOUR TIME

Operating Engineers National

Hazmat Program

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